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6.  词语辨析

a)      walk与on foot “步行“方式

walk与on foot都指“步行”,但用法不同。Walk是动词,walk to后接地点副词here,there,home等时,介词to要省去。而on foot是一个表示方式,方法的介词短语,在句中只能做状语。on foot不能用on feet或by foot替换。walk to相当于go to …on foot,表示“走着去,步行”。

b)     cool与cold“冷”

cool意思是“凉快的”,既不冷,有不热,给人一种舒服的感觉。

Col意思是“寒冷的”,给人一种不舒服的感觉。

c)      hot与warm“热”

hot作形容词,表示“热的”,反义词是cold。Hot指温度很高,给人一种不舒服的感觉。Hot用作形容词有多种含义,如“辣的”,“热门的”,“最近的”

 warm作形容词意思是“温暖的;暖和的”,指温度适中,给人一种舒服的感觉。

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5.  否定前缀

l      un-

a)      friendly(友好的)     unfriendly(不友好的)

b)     lucky(幸运的)      unlucky(不幸的)

c)      fair(公平的)       unfair(不公平的)

d)     happy(高兴的)      unhappy(不悦的)

l      in-

a)      expensive(贵的)     inexpensive(便宜的)

b)     formal(正式的)     informal(非正式的)

c)      exact(确切的)      inexact(不确切的)

d)     human(人性的)     inhuman(野蛮的)

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4..同义词辨析

find, find out, look, look for, look at

find:找到。强调找的结果。

find out:找出,查出。指经过一番努力达到目的。

look:找,看。 强调动作的过程, 是不及物动词。

look for:寻找。强调动作的过程,for后接名词或代词,表示寻找的对象。

look at: 看。强调动作的过程,at后接名词或代词,表示看的对象。

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3.find的用法

1)     find sb doing sth. 发现某人在做某事

 I find him reading an interesting book.

2)  find sb. to do sth 发现某人做某事

We found him to be a good student.

3)  find sb+adj/prep-phrase/n发现某人怎么样或在某一种情况下

He found me a good student.

I found him at home.

4)  find it+adj/n+to do sth发现做某事怎么样

He finds it important to learn English well.

(这里的it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式)

5)find onself不知不觉地

He found himself in the forest.

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1.英语不规则动词变化( BookI – Book III) A           B           C hear         heard         heard learn         learnt        learnt have/has       had         had leave        left         left lend         lent         lent lose         lost         lost make        made        made mean        meant        meant send         sent         sent spell        spelt          spelt shoot        shot          shot sit          sat          sat smell         smelt         smelt  spend        spent          spent spit         spat          spat stand        stood         stood understand      understood      understood hang         hung         hung hold         held          held light         lit           lit meet         met          met find          found         found feed          fed          fed spit          spat          spat bear         bore          born win          won          won build         built          built babysit        babysat        babysat flee          fled          fled lead          led          led mislead        misled        misled bend         bent         bent bleed         bled         bled hold          held         held smell         smelt         smelt dig          dug          dug  deal          dealt         dealt  A          B            C eat          ate           eaten fall          fell            fallen do/does       did            done choose       chose          chosen break        broke          broken am/is        was           been are         were           been fly          flew          flown forbid        forbade         forbidden  forget        forgot         forgotten freeze        froze          frozen get          got           gotten go          went           gone hide         hid           hidden lie          lay           lain mistake        mistook         mistaken see          saw           seen shake        shook          shaken speak        spoke          spoken steal        stole           stolen take        took           taken wake        woke           woken wear         wore           worn A           A            B beat         beat          beaten A           B           A run         ran           run come        came          come become       became         become A          A           A A         B  can        could may        might will        would  shall        should A         A must       must

不规则中寻规则:

a)      过去式与动词原形同形

cost        cost          cost  put         put          put fit         fit           fit  cut         cut          cut let         let           let hurt        hurt          hurt set        set       set shut        shut         shut read        read         read hit         hit          hit

b)原形以ow/aw结尾,过去式则变成ew

grow         grew           grown throw        threw           thrown know         knew          known

draw         drew          drew show         showed        shown

c)将动词原形中的元音字母i改成a,变成过去式。

swim        swam          swum sink         sank           sunk ring         rang           rung

give         gave          given

drink         drank          drunk sing         sang          sung begin        began          begun [特例]win          won          won

d)过去式以ought或aught结尾

think         thought        thought bring         brought        brought buy         bought        bought fight         fought        fought catch        caught        caught teach        taught        taught

[注意]上述动词过去式的末尾是ought还是aught,只要记住“有a则a,无a则o”,即原形中有a的,则变为aught,否则为ought.

e)将动词原形中的字母组合ee去掉一个,词尾加上t,变成过去式。

feel          felt          felt

sweep        swept         swept  sleep         slept         slept  keep         kept         kept oversleep       overslept       overslept

f)将动词原形中的元音字母i改为o,变成过去式。

drive         drove           driven ride         rode           ridden  write         wrote          written rise         rose           risen shine        shone         shone

g)以ay结尾的动词,将ay变成aid变成过去式

pay         paid         paid say         said         said lay          laid          laid 

h)以一个辅音字母+ell结尾的动词,将ell改成old变成过去式

tell         told          told Sell         sold         sold 2.一般过去时的用法

1)表示在过去某个时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, just now, in 1990等。

2)表示过去接连发生的一系列动作。They played soccer and then went home.

3)一般过去时动词的构成方法:

a)      一般情况下,动词原形后直接加-ed。如,play-played

b)     以e结尾的动词,直接加-d。 如,decide-decided

c)      重读闭音节+单个辅音字母结尾的动词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed。如,stop-stopped

d)     结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变y为i,再加-ed.如,study-studied

e)      有些动词变化不规则要特殊记忆。上面以给出。

4)一般过去时的句法功能

a)      肯定句:主语+一般过去时动词+其他We had Sichuan food for dinner.

b)     否定句:主语+didn’t+动词原形+其他;主语+wasn’t/weren’t+其他

I didn’t go to summer camp.

The shops weren’t too crowded.

c)      一般疑问句:Did +主语+动词原形+其他?;Was/Were+主语+其他?

Did they stay at home?

Was the bus trip relaxing?

d)     特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般过去式?

Where did you go?  Who was ill?

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6.     关于how 的用法

1)     How作“(指程度)多少”“(方法)怎样”“多么”讲,为副词。

2) how 的感叹句的构成:How + 形容词+主语+be动词!

           How+副词+主语+谓语动词!

3)how many 多少(对可数名词的数量提问,其后接名词复数)

  How many days are there in a year?

4) how much 多少(钱)(对不可数名词的数量提问,其后接不可数名词)

  How much water is there in the cup?

  How much are these pants?

5) how often多久(对表示频度副词的时间状语提问)

  How often do you go there? Once a month.

6)how old多大岁数(对年龄提问)

How old is your grandfather? He is sixty-five.

7)how soon多久(用于将来时)

 How soon are you back? In a week.

◆unit10 Where did you go on vacation?

目标语言:Talk about past events

重点句型:Where did Tina go on vacation? She went to the mountains.

      Where did he go on vacation?  He stayed at home.

      Did you go to Central Park? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.

      Did he go to Central Park? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

      How was your vacation?  It was pretty good.

      How was the weather?  It was hot and humid.

      How were the people?  They were unfriendly.

      We had great fun playing in the water.

      The shops were too crowded, so I didn’t really enjoyed it.

      I found a little boy crying in the corner.

重点词组: stay at home, go to New York City, summer camp, go to the mountains, on vacation, Central Park, go to the movies,pretty good, bus trip, have fun doing, go shopping, in the corner, help sb, do sth, make sb. do sth. decide to do sth, discuss sth with sb, write a report on sth , be lost

知识点:

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5.“违反规矩“的现在进行时态

1)     现在进行时比哦按时目前这一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。而说话时并不一定正在进行。如Is Tom working hard this term?汤姆这学期学习用功吗?

They are working on the farm these days.这些日子他们在农场劳动。

2)     表示往返或位置转移的动词,如come,go,leave, stay, start, arrive等构成的现在进行时,可表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。这些动词还可以和表示将来的时间状语,如tomorrow, next week, next year等连用。

They are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.明天他们要动身去北京。

4)现在进行时与always, often等词相结合,也可表示习惯的,经常重复的动作。意思是“老是”,“总是”。此时常带有一定的感情色彩,如:埋怨,赞赏等。如

Mary is always talking about her son.玛利总是谈论她的儿子。

[注意]一些表示状态和意愿的动词,如be,like,want,know ,think,have等,不能用于现在进行时态中。如,I want to go home now.

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4.  Until的用法:

Until 和 till的意义相同,都有“直到”,“直到...才","在...以前不"的意思.它们的使用方法为:

1)     作介词: 作介词,后面通常接表时间的名词或短语.如We are back until/till3o’clock.三点种我们才回来.

2)     作连词: 作连词时,until和till引导时间状语从句.如 Go along this road until you see the park沿着这条路走,直到你看到公园为止。

[注意]1)以上的状语从句的例句都是从句在主句之后,如果把从句放在主句之前,那么,引导词用till.如Till you come back, I won’t leavehere.直到你回来我才回离开这。

3)主句的动作是终止性的,要用not…until/till句型。

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3.  构词知识:

1)     名词后缀:-er,如,singer

        -or,如 actor

        -ing, 如 meeting

        -tion  如 direction

2)  形容词后缀: -ful 如,beautiful

          -ing 如,boring

          -ous 如,dangerous

          -ly  如, friendly

3)副词后缀:-ly 如,really

4)数词后缀:-teen 如,thirteen

       -ty  如,thirty

       -th  如,fourth

5)在国家名词后加-ian,-an, -n表示其国家的人。如,

Egypt埃及
Egyptian埃及人
Europe欧洲
European欧洲人
Canada加拿大
Canadian加拿大人
Italy意大利
Italian意大利人
Australia澳大利亚
Australian澳大利亚人
America美国
American美国人

6)在表示天气的名词后加-y如,wind-windy, fog-foggy,sun-sunny

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2.ving形式的构成

1)直接在动词原形末尾加-ing,如play-playing

2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ing,如have-having

3)以重读闭音节结尾的单词,结尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这个字母,再加-ing。如,begin-beginning

注意:

1)有些动词一般不用于现在进行时,如see,like,love, want,know等,而用一般现在时。如,Do you know him?你认识他吗?

2)有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, start, fly, drive,stay等表示位置转移的词,用现在进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作,如 We are going to Beijing on Friday.我们星期五要去北京。

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