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Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(¼à¿Ø) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people¡¯s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

£¢The ¡®if it bleeds¡¯ rule works for mass media,£¢ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. £¢They want your eyeballs and don¡¯t care how you¡¯re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don¡¯t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.£¢

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication ¡ª e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations ¡ª found that it tended to be more positive than negative(Ïû¼«µÄ), but that didn¡¯t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times¡¯ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the £¢most e-mailed£¢ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times¡¯ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(¼¤·¢) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, £¢Contagious: Why Things Catch On.£¢

¡¾1¡¿What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?

A. News reports.

B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails.

D. Daily conversations.

¡¾2¡¿What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?

A. They¡¯re socially inactive.

B. They¡¯re good at telling stories.

C. They¡¯re inconsiderate of others.

D. They¡¯re careful with their words.

¡¾3¡¿Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger¡¯s research?

A. Sports news.

B. Science articles.

C. Personal accounts.

D. Financial reviews.

¡¾4¡¿What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.

B. Online News Attracts More People.

C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.

D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.

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Few people would even think of beginning a new job at the 1 age of 76, but one of America¡¯s __2__ (much) famous artists did just that. Anna Mary Robertson, better known as £¢Grandma Moses£¢, turned to painting when she was too old __3__ (work) on her farm.

Grandma Moses was crazy 4 painting soon after she picked it up and worked hard at it. She painted __5__(careful) and her works were nice. She first painted only to please herself, 6 then began to sell her works to make a little money. In 1993, a 7 (collect), Louis Caldor, happened to see several of Grandma Moses¡¯ works hanging in a shop. He liked 8 (it), bought them at once, and set out to look for more. Caldor __9__ (hold) a show to introduce the works of Grandma Moses to other artists. Grandma Moses, 10 was world-famous, died on December 13, 1961, at the age of 101.

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Last year, Phyllida Swift stood proudly for her graduation photo. However, in addition to her degree from Arts University Bournemouth, she had also been on her very own journey after her life changed significantly as a result of a car crash three years ago.

Ms Swift arrived in Ghana in July of that year. However, the bus she and 14 other volunteers were traveling in was involved in an accident. ¡°I came around and felt my face was completely cut open,¡± she said.

Swift was treated in a Ghanian hospital and was later transferred to a hospital in the UK. She first saw the change in her face after the operation in Ghana. However, despite the shock people might expect Swift to feel, she quickly remembered there was more to life.

At the beginning, she covered her scar with make-up. After going back home to Chester for two months to recover where she rarely went out and just ¡°existed¡±, Swift returned to school to begin her third year. She soon regained her confidence thanks to her friends who never looked at her differently.

Since graduating, Ms Swift has taken part in motivational speeches surrounding young people and body image.

¡°People walk around with scars, whether they are physical or mental. They are more willing to open up to me because they can see my physical scar and can see I¡¯ve been through so much,¡± Swift said. It¡¯s given her an insight into the struggles young people face in the world where everyone is trying to be perfect.

¡°Life is too short to sweat the small stuff. I¡¯ll happily wear my scar with pride. It is a mark of what I have been through and a mark of being able to appreciate how lucky I am,¡± Ms Swift said.

¡¾1¡¿Why did Phyllida Swift go to Ghana?

A. To go sightseeing. B. To visit a university.

C. To do voluntary work. D. To receive medical treatment.

¡¾2¡¿ During the two months of recovery in Chester, Phyllida Swift .

A. spent most of her time staying at home

B. learned to use make-up to cover the scar

C. learned how to wear the scar with pride

D. returned to Arts University Bournemouth

¡¾3¡¿What does the underlined phrase¡°sweat the small stuff¡±in the last paragraph mean?

A. Deal with physical or mental scars.

B. Worry about unimportant things.

C. Wear make-up every day.

D. Gain further education.

¡¾4¡¿Which of the following words can best describe Phyllida Swift?

A. Reliable and generous. B. Peaceful and supporting.

C. Confident and easy-going. D. Optimistic and strong-willed.

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