【题目】下表据《新唐书百官志》记载整理而成。根据表中①、②、③、④所代表的官吏职责，判断其所对应的官僚机构分别是

A．中书省、门下省、尚书省、吏部

B．尚书省、礼部、中书省、户部

C．尚书省、门下省、中书省、户部

D．户部、门下省、中书省、尚书省

【题目】古代中国和古代罗马相距遥远，然而两者的历史发展可做一些比较。阅读材料，回答问题。

——吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史》，白寿彝主编《中国通史》

（1）依据材料，概括①至⑤各个时期古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征。

（2）比较①至⑤时期两国历史发展的特征，你发现了什么现象？再比较其历史轨迹及变化节奏，你又有哪些发现？在此基础上，你有何进一步的理论认识？

（3）第⑥时期中国和欧洲的历史走向有何不同？试从制度层面分析中国出现这一走向的主要原因。

【题目】樊树志在《国史十六讲》中说：“政治与血缘的结合，看似牢不可破，其实不然。既然周天子授土授民给诸侯叫做‘建国’，诸侯授土授民给卿、大夫叫做‘立家’，因此对于士、庶民而言，就有‘国’与‘家’的对立，他们把自己的宗族称为‘家’，只知效忠于‘家’，而不知效忠于‘国’。”材料表明

A．分封制在历史上的作用是弊大于利

B．宗法制与分封制是互为表里的关系

C．宗法制是古代中国政治制度的核心

D．分封制隐含着国家分裂割据的因素

【题目】阅读下列材料：

材料一：政治上的自由是公共自由，要保障公共自由，就应该避免把权力单独委托给一个人、几个人或少数人，因为一切有权力的人都容易滥用权力，这是万古不易的一条经验。为此，提出一条原则，要防止滥用权力，就必须用权力来约束权力，形成一种能联合各种权力的机制，其中各种权力既调节配合，又互相制约，即权力要分开掌握和使用。

——孟德斯鸠《罗马盛衰原因论》

材料二：难道农民的儿子生来颈上带着圈，而贵族的儿子生来在腿上带着踢马刺吗？……一切享有各种天然能力的人，显然是平等的。……除了法律以外，不依赖任何别的东西，这就是自由人

——《伏尔泰语录》

材料三：人人享有自由平等的权利而不论其出身。人们应自由订立社会契约，组成国家。社会中应有“共同意志”，人人遵守。社会契约就是共同意志的体现，代表所有人的权利与自由。这是至高无上的人民主权，不可侵犯，不得转让，不受限制，不准分割。为维护这一主权，必须使人人在法律面前一律平等，包括立法、司法、守法、受法律保护各受法律制裁各方面的平等。政府官员只是人民委派的工作人员，不享有主权。随着政府职位诱惑力的加大，人民应采取更有力的监督手段。人们在行使自由权时，绝不允许损害他人的自由，否则他自身也就不自由了。这时，共同意志就要通过法律手段制裁他，“强迫他自由”。

——卢梭《社会契约论》

请回答：

（1）归纳材料一所体现的思想，并指出这一思想的历史影响。据材料三，卢梭在国家学说、人权学说、法治学说诸方面，各提出了什么主张？

（2）材料二体现了什么思想？在“自由”这个问题上，材料二与材料一、三各侧重什么？

【题目】在中国历史上，专制主义中央集权制度似乎是一个永恒的政治主题。不同时期有不同的中枢权力体系及其相应的地方控制体系。阅读下列材料，然后回答问题。

材料一

初并天下，令丞相、御史曰：“……寡人以眇眇之身，兴兵诛暴乱……六王咸伏其辜，天下大定。今名号不更，无以称成功，传后世，其议帝号。”

——《史记》

材料二

“新皇帝……废除了所有的封建国家和王国,将广阔的国土划分成为若干行政区，每一行政区 都配备一批由中央政府任命,并向中央政府负责的官员”。

——选自《全球通史》

材料三

两汉时期，皇帝对丞相待之以礼。丞相谒见皇帝时，皇帝起立，赐丞相座。丞相病了，皇帝还要亲自去探视。隋唐时期的宰相大臣上朝奏事也有座位。但到宋朝，宰相只能站着同皇帝议事。据说是宋太祖改变这一做法的，有一天，宰相范质等人向宋太祖奏事，开始时，大臣们还坐着，宋太祖称自己眼睛昏花看不清，让大臣们近前指给他看。等范质等人回到原处，座位已被撤掉。此后宰相大臣就只好站在皇帝面前议事了。明代自朱元璋起，明文规定“大朝议”须“众官皆跪”。清朝的官僚上朝,跪地时间特别长，以至于大臣们都备有特别的护膝。

（1）据材料一分析“寡人”指的是谁？涉及他创建的有哪些重要政治制度？

（2）材料二反映了什么样的历史信息?据材料与所学知识,分析材料中推行的这一政治制度的历史作用?

（3）在加强君主专制中央集权方面，包含着众多的矛盾和问题。试根据以上三则材料归纳其中最主要的两大矛盾。由汉到明清，宰相大臣由坐到站再到跪的上朝礼仪变化，反映了怎样的历史发展趋势？

【题目】D

Regrowth Poetry Competition is open to all published and unpublished, UK and non-UK based male and female writers over 16 years of age. This competition is open to poetry submissions. Poems must be based around the theme of "regrowth, birth, survival, and new life" and in any genre. The poem should be between 5 and 30 lines in length (including title).

Entry details, rules and regulations to the competition are listed below:

1. All entries must be sent using the form online.

2. Entry will cost 4.00. You can pay online via PayPal or credit card. You can also pay by cheque, making it payable to Susan Cawte. The postal address is 412 Thorold Road, Ilford, Essex, IG1 4HF. Multiple entries are allowed.

3. Entries will not be returned.

4. All entries submitted must be work which has not been published elsewhere or submitted to another competition which is currently still open.

5. All entries must be your own work. Any entry found to be plagiarized or printed elsewhere will be disqualified.

6. All entries submitted must clearly state the author's name, address, email address and contact telephone number on the submission.

7. The winner will be notified within one month of the closing date.

8. The closing date for entries is midnight (BST) 30th April 2016.

Prizes:

1st: 50, published story in the magazine, and a feature article about the winning author.

2nd: 25, story published in the magazine.

The 20 shortlisted authors will be listed online in May. Winners will be announced on 1st span>June 2016.

【1】What should be the theme of the poems in the competition?

A. Peace. B. Friendship. C. Regrowth. D. Health.

【2】If you want to take part in the competition, ____.

A. you can only summit one entry

B. you must be a British boy of 16

C. you have to pay the entry fee by cheque

D. you must send the entries before 30th April 2016

【3】What is the probably meaning of the underlined word “ plagiarized”?

A. Written. B. Copied. C. Typed. D. Read.

【题目】阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一

秦始皇构建了大帝国（政治制度）的框架，组装了硬件，汉武帝确定了大帝国（政治制度）的中枢运作机制，加上了软件。

——金克木《风流汉武两千年》

材料二

皇权为了维系自身权力的专制性，就必须创建出能够突破甚至凌驾于这类束缚和侵蚀力量之上的制度性手段；这种反制衡除了表现为一些非常规性的举措之外，更突出地表现为一种根本性的制度建设，这就是：不断在常规的国家行政官职体系之外，设立由它取代可能限制皇权的外朝官制体系而执掌国家核心机密和极高权力，使皇帝能够通过亲自掌握这一秘书机构并赋予它巨大的权力，从而对外朝常规官制体系施以强大的反制衡。

——王毅《中国皇权制度研究》

（1）据材料一和所学知识，说明秦始皇给中华帝国组装了哪些“硬件”？汉武帝添加的“软件”又是什么？

（2）结合材料二和所学知识，说明明朝和清朝皇帝是如何对外朝常规官制体系施以强大的反制衡的。

（3）综合上述材料概括我国封建社会政治体制的变化特征。

17．

【题目】C

I went to Arizona earlier this month to see what the college of the future might look like. What I found is an exciting new era of higher education that will help more students get a great, personalized education at an affordable price.

This future may not always include the lecture halls, dormitories, and other features of the traditional college experience. Instead, the colleges I visited are experimenting with ways for students to get their degrees online, allowing them to take courses any place and at any time.

These “colleges without walls,” as they are sometimes called, are at the forefront of the effort to broaden access to higher education, especially for low-income students with full-time jobs and families. During my visit, I heard encouraging stories of students who were taking advantage of these flexible learning models to pursue degrees that could put them on paths to new careers.

One of those students was Shawn Lee. He had a compelling story: After dropping out of college decades ago, he found himself in a series of low-paying, often back-breaking jobs. He recently decided to get his degree when he had his first child and wanted to start building a better life.

Tucked away in an industrial park in Tempe, Rio Salado didn’t look much like a traditional institute of higher education. There were no students running to class. Just a couple of glass-faced office buildings. The college had just 22 full-time faculty serving 60,000 students, with more than half of them attending classes online.

Several students I met during my visit said they liked learning online. “I’ve taken college classes in a big auditorium with herds of people. There was no personal connection,” one student said. “Now I can reach my teacher with the click of a mouse.”

After several days’ visit, I left Arizona feeling quite optimistic about what the future holds for higher education.

【1】What does “colleges without walls” in the third paragraph refer to?

A. Colleges that have no walls around.

B. Colleges that students attend online .

C. Colleges that can be entered freely.

D. Colleges that give students more freedom.

【2】 What made Shawn Lee return to attend college again ?

A. That he has nothing to do.

B. That he couldn’t find a job.

C. That the cost of the college is low.

D. That he wanted to find a better job.

【3】How did the writer feel after the visit ?

A. Hopeful. B. Dissatisfied.

C. Disappointed. D. Upset.

【4】What is the writer’s purpose by writing this passage?

A. To explain what “colleges without walls” are.

B. To advertise the colleges.

C. To encourage people to attend higher education.

D. To introduce a new model of education.

【题目】书面表达

假设你是李华，你的笔友Peter给你发来一封电子邮件，信中讲述他和同学发生了冲突，心情很不好。请你写一封邮件对他进行劝告。内容必须包含以下三个方面：

1. 介绍和同学产生冲突的不良影响。

2. 分析发生冲突的主要原因。

3. 谈谈应如何处理好同学们之间的关系。

注意：1. 词数：100词左右；

2．文章的开头结尾已经给出，不计入总词数；

3．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Peter,

I have received your e-mail saying that you conflicted with your classmate and is in a bad

mood._______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

I do hope my suggestions can be of help to you.

Yours,

Li Hua