Question

20．Proxemics （空间关系学） is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close，though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can detect four main categories of distance：intimate （亲密的），personal，social and public．Intimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters．This is for the closest relationships such as those between husband and wife．Beyond this comes personal distance．This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters．It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives．Social distance covers people who work together or are meeting at social gatherings．Distances here tend to be kept between 1.30 to 2 meters．Beyond this comes public distance，such as that between a lecturer and his audience．
All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship．They differ，however，in where they draw these lines．Look at an international reception with representatives from the US and Arabic countries talking and you will see the Americans pirouetting （快速旋转） backwards around the hall pursued by their Arab partners．The Americans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and their partners which they have grown used to regarding as"normal"．They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their partners，though they may have vague feeling that their Arab neighbors are being a bit"pushy"．The Arab，on the other hand，coming from a culture where much closer distance is the pattern，may be feeling that the Americans are being"stand-offish"．Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation with they will persistently pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them．
The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too．One study of the number of times people talking in coffee shops over a one-hour period showed the following interesting variations：London，0； Florida，2； Paris，10； and Puerto Rico 180．Not only does it vary between societies，however，it also varies between different subcultures within one society．Young people in Britain，for example，are more likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation．This may be partly a matter of growing older，but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less common for all age groups．Forty years ago，for example，footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）
78．What govern the standing space between two persons in proxemics？Relationships
79．The underlined word"stand-offish"in Paragraph 2 most probably means"cold/distant/keeping others at arm's length/not easily getting along"．
80．Why may Arabs pursue Americans in a conversation at an international reception？
Because they try to close the distance between them
81．What can be inferred from the last paragraph is that the appropriateness of physical contact also varies withtime．

Answer 1

分析 本文主要论述了在不同文化里对空间关系学的不同理解和认知．

解答 78．Relationships （do）．细节概括题． 第一段介绍了Proxemics 的定义，即人和人之间的关系是有距离决定的，紧接着拿美国人的四种关系作为例子，来说明人和人之间的距离主要靠双方的关系来支配，即relationships govern the standing space between two persons in proxemics．
79．cold/distant/keeping others at arm's length/not easily getting along 猜测词意题．第二段主题句为All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship．不同文化对于双方的距离是不一样的．举例美国人和阿拉伯人，可以看出美国人比较注重双方的举例，而阿拉伯人则喜欢和人靠近．所以在阿拉伯人眼中，美国人"stand-offish"意味着冷漠，不友好．
80．Because they try to close the distance between them．/Because they regard much closer distance as the pattern/appropriate．/Because they feel they are happier being close to them．细节理解题．在第二段里，主要列举了美国人和阿拉伯人对待人和人之间距离的不同认识．在交流中，阿拉伯人认为双方近距离是一种友好也是一种恰当的表达方式．
81．time/the times  细节理解题．最后一段主题句The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too，意思是恰当的肢体接触也随着时间而变化．然后从London，Florida，Paris，and Puerto Rico 等国家作为例子来具体说明时间可以改变．故用time/the times  来概括．

点评 本文是说明类的阅读表达，要求学生在阅读理解的基础上，根据短文后的题目，在文中找到相关的内容，并用简洁、准确的句子，将理解的内容，书面表达出来．做题时，注意表达的内容不要超出规定的字数．