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Each year there is an increasing number of cars as millions of new cars are produced in America . Americans will not live without cars ! However , some have realised the serious problem of air pollution by cars . It is necessary to find ways to solve the problem of air pollution .

One way to clean the air is to build a new kind of clean car . That’s what several of the large car factories are trying to do . But to build a clean car is easier said than done . Progress in this field has been slow .

Another way is to take the place of the car engine by something else . Engineers are now working on it . Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model that can please man .

To prevebt the world being polluted by cars , They have to cut down on the number of their cars and are encouraged to travel and go to work by bike . But this change doesn’t close down ---- many workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory closes down . And the problem of their pollution would become less important than that of unemployment.

Title : (1) _____ and Pollution in America

Problem	Method	(6)____	Conclusion
Air (2) _____	Building a new kind of the car (3) _____ by something else	Progress in this field is (7)______	Americans may live a happy but (10)____ life .
	(4)_____ down on the number of cars	It takes years to develop a practical (8)______
	Traveling and going to work by (5) ______	(9) _____ may lose jobs

Nowadays people are troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of violence as entertainment.

Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”

Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.

The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.

Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?

A. Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.

B. Something has gone wrong with today’s society

C. Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.

D. There is a lot of violence in the real world today.

What is the skeptics’ view of media violence?

A. Violence on television is fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.

B. Most studies exaggerate (夸大) the effect of media violence on the viewers.

C. A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.

D. The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.

The author uses the term “alarmists” to refer to those who _________.

A. use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence

B. initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality

C. insist on a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior

D. use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior

The underlined phrase “weeded out” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________.

   A. got rid of things that are not good     B. removed unwanted parts from something

   C. picked out things that are useful        D. took away unnecessary details of a report

What does the writer think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?

A. He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists. 

B. It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.

C. The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.

D. More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.

A person named Bernard Jackson today is a free man, but he has many bitter memories. He spent five years in prison after a jury (陪审团) wrongly convicted (判处……有罪) him of raping two women. At Jackson’s trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the time of the crime, he was convicted anyway. Why? The jury believed the testimony (证词) of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who had attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the real criminal.

Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses sometimes see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a group of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs of similar faces. The number of people in the group, and whether it is a person or a photograph, my also affect a witness’s decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the police ask witnesses also have an effect on them.

Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes.

Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot omit eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve (决定) court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, and convict innocent people, more importantly, eyewitness testimony has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people.

American courts depend on the ability of the twelve jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness’s testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear and remember what happened.

Bernard Jackson was found guilty and sentenced 5 years’ prison because           .

    A．the victims insisted that he was the attacker

    B．the admitted the crime of raping two women

    C．the police discovered evidence leading to his guilt

    D．the eyewitness proved the victims’ testimony

The following statements may be the reasons for why sometimes the eyewitness’ testimony is not accurate EXCEPT          .

    A．the eyewitness is confused by the police’s questions

    B．the eyewitness is shown photos of many similar faces

    C．the eyewitness lacks the professional help from police

    D．the eyewitness can’t identify people of other races clearly

．An inaccurate eyewitness testimony may lead to         .

    A．the misunderstanding of the case B．the disbelief in the court

    C．the disrespect for the eyewitness    D．the conviction of an innocent person

Eyewitness testimony is important because         .

    A．it can be relied on to detect criminals in all cases.

    B．it is sometimes the only way to resolve court cases.

    C．it is sometimes the only clue for police investigation.

    D．it is more reliable than physical evidences to a crime.

According to the text, we can infer that           .

    A．eyewitness testimony is valuable, though sometimes incorrect.

    B．police identification is more reliable than that of the ordinary people

    C．crime victims often fail to give positive identification of the suspects

    D．the jury relies on the judge than the eyewitness for a decision

根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有

两项为多余选项。并将答案填入答题卡。）

Mike：Oh, Mr. Ding , my wife and I would be very happy if you and your wife could come and have dinner with us on Friday evening .

Ding：     What time would you like us to come ?

Mike：      

Ding：Yes, that’ ll be fine . But I’m not sure that I have your address .

Mike：     Here’s my card with my address and phone number .

Ding：Thank you .      I’ll just take a taxi .

Mike：That’s the best way , I think . Well , we’ll be seeing you on Friday evening then .

Ding：Yes.   

A．That’s right .

B．I’ve never been to your part of the city , but I think I can manage .

C．I’ve enjoyed the evening very much .

D．I quite agree with you .

E．Thank you very much for your offer , Mr. Mike .

F．Would seven o’clock be all right with you ?

G．Why , that would be very nice .

Driving Offence Points System

What is Driving Offence Points System?

After the introduction of this system, certain traffic offences will earn the driver points besides other punishment. If a driver makes any of these offences, the points will be recorded. When the driver gets a certain number of points, he will be forbidden to drive for a certain amount of time.   

What are the purposes of this system?

This is a system designed to make road much safer. It can improve standards of driving and reduce the accident rates.

Which traffic offences will result in Driving Offence points?

Of course, not all traffic offences are covered by this system. Only those that have direct effect on road safety are included. There are altogether fourteen items.

Code	Offence	Points
1	Causing death by dangerous driving	10
2	Dangerous driving	10
3	Careless driving	5
4	Driving after drinking or taking drugs	10
5	Driving over speed limit by more than 15 km/hour	3
6	Driving in a motor race on the road	10
7	Failing to stop after an accident	3
8	Failing to give information after an accident	3
9	Failing to report an accident	3
10	Failing to obey directions of police officers	3
11	Crossing double white lines	3
12	Failing to obey traffic signals	3
13	Failing to give way to walkers at a crosswalk Failing to stop for people walking	3
14	Failing to stop at school crossing	3

What will happen if you have got up to 10 points?

If you have got 10 points or above, but still less 15 points, you will receive a warning letter from the Transport Department. This letter will tell your record of Driving Offence Points and remind you of the result of getting more points. It is hoped that this warning will change your driving behavior for the better.

What will happen if you have got 15 points?

If you have got 15 points or more within two years, a court will take away your driving license. The first time you are found guilty you will not be able to drive for three months, but if you are caught a second time you will not be able to drive for six months.

The underlined word “Offence”（paragraph 1）refers to ________.

       A. a driving habit              B. an official of road safety

       C. bad behavior in the office D. an action against the traffic law

The Driving Offence Points __________.

       A. is a system that helps to improve the driving standards

       B. are points earned because of dangerous driving

       C. shows traffic offences of different kinds

       D. is a guide dealing with traffic offences

What will happen to you if you have got 13 points?

       A. You will be punished for the points.

       B. Your driving license will be taken away.

       C. Your record will be sent to the Transport Department.

       D. You will get a warning letter from the Transport Department.

What will happen to you if you are caught driving dangerously and two months later you are caught driving after drinking?

       A. Your license will be taken away.

       B. You will be taken to the police station.

C. You will not be able to drive for 3 months.

       D. You will not be able to drive for 6 months.