Elephants have four distinct personalities that help their herd survive in the African bush, scientists have found. 

With their grey skin, mournful eyes and slow heavy pace, you could be forgiven for thinking elephants are uniformly melancholy(忧郁的) creatures. But scientists have now discovered the largest living land animals have personalities to match their size.

In a new study of African elephants, researchers have identified four distinct characters that are common in a herd – the leaders, the gentle giants, the playful rogues(小淘气) and the reliable plodders (辛勤工作的人).

Each of the types has developed to help the giant mammals survive in their harsh environment and is almost unique in the animal kingdom, according to the scientists.

Professor Phyllis Lee and her colleague Cynthia Moss studied a herd of elephants in the Amboseli National Park in Kenya known as the EB family — famous for their matriarch Echo before she died in 2009.

Using data collected over 38 years of watching this group, the researchers analyzed them for 26 types of behavior and found four personality features tended to emerge.

The strongest personality to emerge was that of the leader. Unlike other animals, where leadership tends to be won by the most dominant and aggressive individual, the elephants instead respected intelligence and problem solving in their leader. Echo, the matriarch and oldest in the group, her daughter Enid, and Ella, the second oldest female, all emerged as leaders.

The playful elephants tended to be younger but were more curious and active. Eudora, a 40-year-old female in the herd, seemed to be the most playful, consistently showing this feature throughout her life while playfulness in some of the other elephants declined with age.

Gentle elephants, which included two 27-year-old females Eleanor and Eliot, touched and rubbed against others more than the others.

Those that were reliable tended to be those that were most consistent at making good decisions, helped to care for infants in the herd and were calm when faced with threats. Echo and her youngest daughter Ebony seemed to be the most reliable.

Professor Lee said that elephants with these features tended to be the most socially integrated in the group while those who tended to be less reliable and pushy were more likely to split from the herd.

1.From the passage we get to know that ________.

A．the researchers reached their conclusion by analyzing the data

B．the research centered on the 26 types of behavior of the matriarch

C．the scientists conducted the research by comparing elephants with other animals

D．professor Phyllis Lee and her colleague spent nearly 38 years tracking the herd

2.According to the new findings of the scientists, ________.

A．playfulness of an elephant will always decline with age

B．those elephants which are caring and wise are most reliable

C．each elephant can be matched with only one of the four personalities

D．once becoming a member of a herd, an elephant will never split from it

3.In the EB family Echo and Eudora are ________.

A．mother and daughter                    B．two oldest females

C．the gentlest ones                       D．leader and member

Michael Greenberg is a very popular New Yorker. He is not famous in sports or the arts, But people in the streets  16 him, especially those who are    17  .
For those people, he is "Gloves" Greenberg. How did he get that  18 ?
He looks like any otner businessman, wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase (公文箱). But he's  19 _. His briefcase always has some gloves。
In winter,Mr.Greenberg does not  20 like other New Yorkers,who look at the sidewalk and  21 the street.He looks around at   22 .He stops when he   23 someone with no gloves.He gives them a pair and then he   24 ,looking for more people with cold   25 .
On winter days,Mr.Greenberg   26 gloves.During the rest of the year,he   27 gloves.People who have heard about him   28 him gloves,and he has many in his apartment.
Mr. Greenberg     29   doing this 21 years ago. Now, many poor New Yorkers know him and      30     his behavior. But people who don't know him are sometimes    31   him. They don't realize that he just wants to make them   32   .
It runs in the   33  .Michael's father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier. Michael Greenberg feels the   34  .A pair of gloves may be a   35  thing,but it can make a big difference in winter.

阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。  

“Cheerfulness keeps up a kind of daylight in the mind, and fills it with a steady perpetual（永久的）serenity（平静）．’’—Joseph Addison

       Annually my husband’s family has a reunion．At one of the recent 25 ，the weather was cloudy, and more rain was  26  ．The family members who arrived early were  27 about the possibility of rain and the  28  it would have on attendance．

       It did rain，but as it started，a car  29  and out of the passenger side suddenly appeared Uncle Earl，  30  by the family, who is 96 years old and has been  31  for many years．Just the arrival of Uncle Earl immediately  32  the spirits of the group．

       Ever cheerful and optimistic，Uncle Earl  33  to amaze the family．One by one he 34  each member, held their hands，gave them a piece of candy and made them laugh

         35  l stood back，1 watched how his behavior and  36  brought a smile to everyone’s face He didn’t spend time telling everyone about his illness as others were doing．I  37  that it was his choice to be of good cheer and not focus on the  38  aspects of his life．By doing so, each family member had to respond in the same  39  ．

       Just before we began to feast on the wonderful  40  ，Earl stood up and spoke to the group for a few minutes．He asked everyone to take a lighthearted approach to  41  happened. He said he had prayed for us all to arrive and to return home  42  ，so we need not worry about the rain．Then he gave us all his blessing．I know I felt  43  to be with him.

       What is happening in your life  44  ？Are you taking a cheerful approach to your day? Be of good cheer! Like Uncle Earl!

A．moments       B．reunions   C．meals       D．discussions

A．informed       B．argued      C．predicted  D．demanded

A．happy    B．excited     C．interested  D．concerned

A．danger   B．significance      C．effect       D．consequence

A．pulled up      B．drove off  C．pushed in        D．sped up

A．told       B．called       C．known      D．recognized

A．homeless       B．blind C．silent D．lost

A．changed B．reacted     C．bothered   D．showed

A．continues      B．refuses      C．plans D．tends

A．scratched     B．admired    C．scolded     D．addressed

A．Although     B．As     C．Once D．If

A．cheerfulness B．thankfulness     C．pessimism D．complaint

A．realized       B．explained  C．decided     D．urged

A．violent B．positive    C．meaningful      D．negative

A．order   B．place C．manner     D．direction

A．min     B．food  C．life    D．car

A．whatever     B．whichever C．however   D．wherever

A．early    B．slowly      C．quickly     D．safely

A．beaten  B．disappointed     C．blessed     D．surprised

A．at times       B．in time     C．right now  D．from now

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

When I come across a good article in reading newspapers，I often want to cut and keep it．But just as I am about to do so，I find the article on the   21   side is much interesting．It may be a discussion of the way to   22   in good health，or advice about how to behave and   23    yourself in society．If I cut the front articles，the opposite one is likely to suffer   24   ，leaving one half of it or keeping the text    25    the title．Therefore，the scissors would stay before they start，    26   the cutting would be halfway done when I find out the   27    result．

Sometimes two things are to be done at the same time，both worth your   28    ．You can only take up one of them；the other has to wait or be   29   up．But you know the future is unpredictable—the changed situation may not   30   you to do what is left behind．Thus you are   31    in a difficult position and feel sad．How come nice    32  and clever ideas should gather around all at once? It may happen that your life   33   greatly on your preference of your one choice to the other．

In fact that is what   34   is like；we are often   35   with the two opposite sides of a thing which are both  36    like a newspaper cutting．It often occurs that our attention is   37   to the thing only after we get into another．The former may be more important than the latter and this   38  _ a divided mind．I still remember a philosopher’s   39  ：“When one door shuts，another opens in life．”So a casual（不经意的）    40    may reward one．

A．same          B．opposite        C．either         D．front

A．get        B．bring        C．1ead          D．keep

A．enjoy         B．help          C．conduct        D．dress

A．damage       B．destroy          C．hurt           D．injury

A．on          B．for            C．without         D．off

A．or           B．but            C．so             D．for

A．satisfying     B．regrettable      C．surprising      D．impossible

A．courage      B．patience         C．strength         D．attention

A．given          B．picked       C．held          D．made

A．persuade   B．agree          C．allow          D．tell

A．filled        B．struck         C．caught          D．attracted

A．chances     B．conditions      C．wishes          D．ways

A．progresses  B．goes          C．changes         D．improves

A．study        B．1ife           C．society              D．nature

A．supplied   B．connected       C．fixed        D．faced

A．available   B．desirable       C．considerable   D．enjoyable

A．turned      B．transferred     C．paid           D．drawn

A．gives way toB．gives rise to   C．gets through to D．gets close to

A．remarks    B．sayings         C．slogans          D．comments

A．behavior     B．action          C．choice       D．attitude

第一节 完形填空(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—30各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
As a child, I got angry quite easily and was not good at communicating with others.
One day, as I was getting ready for school, my mother (21)  handed me my father’s vest（背心） instead of mine. At that time, I was getting to have a larger (22)  than my father, so when I  (23)  the vest, I felt as if I wasn’t able to breathe! I was very angry and (24)  my mother without thinking much. I pulled it off my chest-----so wildly as to make a (25)  in it.
Later, my mother (26)  her bad feelings with my father. Instead of saying he would scold（责骂）or (27)  me, my father calmly asked my mother to mend the vest. He then wore it to work.
When my mother told me about my father’s  (28)  -----much later, when I had recovered from my angry----I felt shame for my bad behavior. My father’s  (29)  kindness taught me a lesson which I would never forget.
On that day, I  (30)  not to let anger control me any longer. Of course, there are times when I get angry. However, whenever that happens, I will try to remember my father’s vest.
21. A. luckily        B. secretly          C. carelessly        D. jokingly
22. A. size           B. head            C. number          D. room
23. A. picked up      B. took off          C. talked about      D. put on
24. A. shot at         B. looked at         C.pointed at        D.shouted at
25. A. mark          B.hole             C. spot             D.noise
26 A. treated         B.shared            C.experienced       D.remained
27. A. praise         B. correct          C.control           D.beat
28. A. sorrow        B.advice            C.incident         D.response
29. A. careful        B.gentle             C.public          D.interesting
30. A. agreed        B.expected           C.decided        D.refused