Read first and then discuss the questions.

　　Where did jazz originate? What musical, social, and cultural ingredients (n. 成分, 因素) combined to form jazz? These questions, and their respective answers, are important for the student of jazz history to investigate.

　　Jazz is the only indigenous American art form and it is truly a cultural product of the United States. Western and African musical culture were the seeds of jazz, but America was the soil where jazz grew and prospered (V．成功, 兴隆, 昌盛). Jazz is neither a music of Blacks nor the music of Whites, but jazz is actually a blending of a variety of traditions, heritages, and philosophies (n. 哲学, 哲学体系) .

　　During the early history of America, slavery was a standard social practice. Slaves were forcibly brought from Africa to America. While in America, the displaced African’s (including African musicians who brought their musical traditions and talents with them) would learn from already established Western musical theories and performance practices. At the same time, Western musicians would learn African (Eastern) musical theories and performance practices from the African musicians.

　　Primitive (原始的) African culture places a great emphasis on music, much more so than Western societies. Music is an important aspect (n. 方面) of many of the day-today activities of the primitive African societies. As a primitive musical expression, early African music placed a great emphasis on rhythmic (adj. 节奏的, 合拍的) activity with a more simple use of melody (n. 悦耳的音调) and harmony (n. 协调, 融洽). African rhythms are quite complex and very advanced, yet the melodies and harmonies are simple. This strong emphasis on musical tradition and usage was brought with the African populations during their forced exile of slavery to America.

　　While in America, these new Black Americans still expressed themselves through their musical traditions. Since they were in America, their old musical traditions could not be reproduced exactly for many reasons, including not being allowed to use traditional African instruments. To understand a comparable situation, let us assume (vt. 假定, 设想) that we have a fictional American rock band who are forcibly taken to a foreign country. While in slavery, the rock musicians still desire to create their music. Unfortunately, their new “owners” give them permission to perform their rock music, but the rock band is not allowed to use any electric guitars, an electric bass, a drum set, keyboards, or any type of electronic instruments. This would cause quite a problem for the rock band, but if they have a strong enough desire to create their music, they would have to find a way to do so with the resources (instruments etc. ) that were available to them. This imaginary (adj. 假想的, 想象的) scenario (剧情概要, 或是某一特定情节) was exactly what the African musicians faced as slaves in America.

　　Along with finding new instruments, the African musicians were being exposed to the Western musical culture. This exposure was a vital essence to the evolution of jazz. These new Western melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, and aural traditions affected the African musicians tremendously. Of course, White musicians were also being affected by what they head from the African musicians. As time passes, the give and take between the African and Western musical traditions would blossom into what would be called Jazz.

　　To this day, elements that started with the African slaves can still be heard in jazz and rock. One example still in use is the African “call and response” method of early African songs. In a call and response, the soloist sings a portion of a melody while the group responds afterwards (much like a musical question and answer) .

　　Another example is “pitch-bending”. During the advent of jazz, the musicians would bend pitches for expressive purposes. This bent pitch catches our ears because the ear does not know where the pitch will actually end up, thus creating a musical surprise. Countless jazz and rock musicians use this technique today. Listen to a rock lead-guitar solo and count all the pitch-bends utilized. Most of today's synthesizers even have a pitch-bend device built in.

　　The roots of jazz are from African and Western musical traditions blended together. Over a period of many years, these traditions exchanged musical qualities and slowly evolved into jazz. The African emphasis on rhythm combined with Western theoretical musical thought created a new music for all musicians and audiences to enjoy. As the jazz musical tree grew, other sub-styles of music grew from the trunk of jazz. Music styles such as Rhythm and Blues (n. 节奏和布鲁斯) Soul, Funk, Rap, and Rock and Roll are all descendants (n. 子孙, 后裔, 后代) of jazz and the jazz heritage.

Questions For Discussion:

1．Does Jazz come from Africa?

2．Does Jazz come from Blues?

阅读下列短文，从所给的四个选项中，选出最佳答案。

    Dancing is most likely the oldest art of all and out of it have　　 grown acting and most probably, music, since the first musical sounds　　 must have been the beat of the drum (鼓) and the chants (单音调的) of　　 the dances. Early man first danced to express anger, joy and other　　 strong feelings and when he discovered that if he danced in front of　　 another person that person usually wanted to dance as well, he used　　 dancing as a way of passing on his feelings to others.

    For example, if the chief man of a tribe (部落) in the Stone Age　　 wanted to get his followers busy hunting for meat, he told them what　　 he wanted not in words but by dancing. For this dance he dressed　　 himself up to look like an animal, perhaps with horns (角) and tail,　　 and jumped up and down, making animal movements and noises. You may　　 think that the head man was acting a part rather than performing a　　 dance, but acting and dancing are the same thing for primitive (原始　　 的) people; they dance an act and act a dance.

(1)According to the passage, which of the following is the oldest form  of art?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ［　　］    A. Painting.　　 B. Music.   C. Dancing.　　D. Acting. 

(2)According to the passage early man first danced in order to___. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　   ［　　］    A. express his feelings    
   B. keep themselves out of danger    C. keep themselves from being hungry    D. frighten animals away from him 

(3)The chief of a primitive tribe in the Stone Age 

usually ____ first and then led his men to go hunting.　　　　　　　　　　 ［　　］    A. gave some orders in words　　　　　　    B. acted a dance     C. discussed what to do and what not to do  D. beat a drum 

(4)In the Stone Age the head man told others what he wanted ____. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　   ［　　］    A. by dancing 　　　　  B. by waving his hands    C. by blowing his horns D. by jumping high 

(5)Music has grown out of ______ according to the article. ［　　］    A. acting and busy hunting B. dancing among people    C. men's feelings 　　　　 D. everyday life and activities

假定你是李雷。你在美国某城市学习期间，发现所在的城市面临严重的交通拥堵。面对这种情况，你以一个留学生的名义向当地政府提出一些合理化的建议，以缓解现在的拥堵状况。词数：120左右。提示如下：

第四部分   读写任务（共两节共1小题，满分25分）
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy. Well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean’s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.
So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous(匿名), talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.
Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself: He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big, happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.
When Jean’s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their favourite rock singer. But when she knocked on David’s door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim!
[写作内容]
1．以约30个词概括短文大意；
2．以约为120词就“Should We Make Friends on QQ?”这个主题写一篇英语短文，并包括如下要点：
a．你对这一问题的回答或看法；
b．说明你的看法的理由；
c．简短的结论。
[写作要求]
1．作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
Should We Make Friends on QQ ？

根据题中所给的中文提示或首字母写出符合句意的单词的正确形式。
【小题1】The telephone is one of the __________(手段、方法) of communication.
【小题2】They has __________(选举) Smith mayor.
【小题3】He gave us a __________(率直的、坦诚的) explanation.
【小题4】Most smokers are perfectly __________(意识到) of the dangers of smoking.
【小题5】Don’t ___________(打断) the speaker;ask your questions afterwards.
【小题6】__________(不知怎么地) I don’t like the way he speaks.
【小题7】If you need any help, don’t __________(犹豫) to call us.
【小题8】It is hoped that the education __________（改革） being carried out now will bring about the desired results.
【小题9】The student __________（达到、得到） ‘ A ’ in all his exams through his hard work.
【小题10】There is __________(无处) for those who lost their homes in the earthquake to live now.