By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
　　Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
　　But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
【小题1】Where was ice used after the Civil War?

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. 1.

   Where was ice used after the Civil War?

   1. A.
      In refrigerating freight cars and households.
   2. B.
      In hotels, taverns and hospitals
   3. C.
      In families of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
   4. D.
      In fresh meat, fish and butter by city dealers.
2. 2.

   What was essential to to make an icebox efficient according to the passage?

   1. A.
      Keeping the ice from melting
   2. B.
      Knowledge of the physics of heat.
   3. C.
      Balance of insulation and circulation
   4. D.
      Making efforts to reduce the use of ice
3. 3.

   The second paragraph is mainly about_____

   1. A.
      the deveopment of icebox
   2. B.
      the theoretical foundation of icebox
   3. C.
      the wrong ideas about icebox
   4. D.
      the way of using icebox
4. 4.

   What can we infer from the text?

   1. A.
      Thomas Moore is the inventor of modern fridge
   2. B.
      The butter produced by Thomas Moored is better in quality than other famers’
   3. C.
      Knowledge of the physics of heat plays an important part in inventing a good icebox
   4. D.
      Before 1880, most of the sold ice was used for family use.
5. 5.

   Without an ice box, farmers had to go to the market at night ________.

   1. A.
      to sell their produce at high price
   2. B.
      to go home earlier
   3. C.
      to keep their produce fresh
   4. D.
      to win more customers than their competitors

Riding School:

You can start horse-riding at any age. Choose private or group lessons any weekday between 9 a.m. and 8:30 p.m. (3:30p.m. on Saturday). There are 10 kilometers of tracks and paths for leisurely rides across farmland and open country. You will need a riding hat.

Opening Hours: Monday through Friday: 9:00a.m. —8:30 p.m.

Phone: (412) 396—6754 Fax: (412)396—6752

Sailing Club:

Our Young Sailor’s Course leads to the Stage 1 Sailing qualification．You’ll learn how to sail safely and the course also covers sailing theory and first aid．Have fun with other course members , afterwards in the clubroom．There are 10 weekly two-hour 1essons (Tuesdays 6 p．m．—8 p．m．)．

Opening Hours：Tuesdays：6：00 p．m．—8：00 p．m．

Phone：(412)396—6644    Fax：(412)396—6644

Diving Centre:

     Our experienced instructors offer one-month courses in deep-sea diving for beginners. There are two evening lessons a week, in which you learn to breathe underwater and use the equipment safely. You only need swimming costume and towel. Reduced rates for couples.

     Opening Hours: Monday and Friday: 6∶30 p. m.—8∶30 p. m.

     Phone: (412) 396—6312    Fax: (412) 396—6706

Medical Center:

The staff of the Medical Center aim to provide convenient and comprehensive medical care to students and staff of the university．The center is well equipped and the staff here are trained to deal with a broad range of medical problems．Both female and male doctors as well as nursing staff are available for consultation．Also，all kinds of medicines are sold here and are cheaper for students than other drugstores．

Opening Hours：24 hour from Monday to Sunday

Phone：(412)396—6649  Fax：(412)396—6648

Watersports Club:

We are a two-kilometer length of river for speedboat racing, and water-skiing, A beginners’ course consists of ten 20-minute lessons. You will learn to handle boats safely and confidently, but must be able to swim. The club is in a convenient central position and is open daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. with lessons all through the day.

Opening Hours: Monday through Friday: 9:00a.m. —4:00 p.m.

Phone: (412)396—6899  Fax: (412)396—6890

1.If you want to swim and enjoy activities which are fast and a bit dangerous, you should  join _____    ．

 A. Watersports Club    B. Diving Centre    C. Sailing Club      D. Riding School

2.If you want to experience a new activity in the countryside in the mornings, you may fax _____         

A. (412)396-6648      B. (412)396-6754    C. (412)396-6752      D. (412)396-6890

3.You want to do an activity one evening a week and get a certificate in the end, you can go to  _____ 

A. Watersports Club      B. Diving Center         C. Sailing Club         D. Riding School

4.Which is NOT the convenience that the Medical Center provides?

A. Good equipment．

B. Well trained staff members．

C. Various less expensive medicines．

D. Nursery for newly-born babies.