12． 倒装

1)　 only；no-； so； had…

2)　 then; now; there; here; out; in the…

3)　 祝愿句: May you have a good time!　 Long live the King.

4)　 前置(不倒装)however; as;

11． 强调句

1)　 It was… that

2)　 It was when/that/what/who…that…

3)　 When/that/what/who…was it that…

4)　 强调人：主格/宾格

5)　 强调时间/地点：when/where还是that

6)　 It was the moment ___ I got home ___ I realized that I’d lost my purse. A. that, that B. /, that C. when, that D. /, /

7)　 辨别it句型

10． 词组与句型结构

1)　 并列与平行；

A, B, C, D and/or E

Aa and Bb; A---a and B---b

In the world and on the earth; Either to leave or (to) stay; Thinking and learning

2)　 三个公式

S---V; S---V

S---v, S---V

v, S---V

(Though)S---V, (which) S---V

3)　 It 句型(连词；时态)

4)　 There be 句型暨变体

5)　 Who do you think is……连锁式疑问句; how come; what about doing; What’s the point; Why not do…

6)　 句型互换

1) It is known to us all that　　　 the compass was first made in China.

We all know that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

It is well known that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

As is known to us all, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

As we all know, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

　　　　 2) Not until…did he(will he)…

　　　　　 It was not until… he did…

　　　　　 He didn’t… until…

3)　　　 People say that he is…

It is said that he is…

He is said to be…

7)　 Effective measures must have been taken _____ (do) away with pollution.

Time ought to be made full use ___(improve) your listening comprehension.

The life-patterns he has been used to ___ (appear) strange to us.

9．　　 状语从句与连词; 连接副词

1) Before; after:

He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything.

Before I got in a word he had measured me.

Time passed quickly and three months went by before he knew.

2) when(whenever), as, while :

I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his house.(前后)

John sang as he entered the room.(同时)

As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large envelope by the door.(瞬间)

I kept silent while he was writing.(持续)

While others were doing morning exercises on the sports-ground he was sleeping in the bedroom.(并列连词：对比)

The old man was pulling grass in his field when he felt a pain in his left hand.(=and then; but then; just then)

3) till until (not until)

The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence in 1821.

I knew nothing about it until/till/before you told me.

Not until she had heard the news was she really frightened.(倒装)

It was not until he was ten years old that he started to read.(强调)

4) since(ever since)

It was ten years since we had been there.(时态)

They have been friends ever since they met at school.

5) Once Every time, Each time; the first time, the moment, the minute; the time; as soon as,

Once you need help, don’t hesitate to let me know.(句首)

The boys ran away the moment they saw me.(as soon as)

Once published, the book was immediately translated into several languages.

6) no sooner… than, scarcely… before, hardly… when

The boys had hardly seen me before they ran away.(时态)

Hardly had the boys seen me before they ran away.(倒装)

The boys had no sooner seen me than they ran away.

7) where(wherever(地点))

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

You can find him where he works.(状语)

You can find him in the place where he works.(定语)

It’s not known where he lives.(名词从句)

Where are you from?(代词)

8) if, suppose, in case, unless, so(as) long as(if only), once, given that, providing that, on condition that(条件);

So long as you do it well, I don’t mind how you do it.

Suppose I told him, he might blame you.

In case it should rain, you’d better take your umbrella with you.(虚拟)

I’ll not join them unless invited.(省略)

9) since, as, now that, seeing that，considering that原因,

Many chess players said this meant the end of chess championships around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game.(区分)

It was because he was ill that he didn’t attend the meeting.(强调)

Don’t believe anything simply/only because many other people believe that.(修饰)

It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.(because/ for)推测的依据

He could not have seen me, for/because I wasn’t there.因果关系

The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in “kingdom of bicycles”.

10) so… that, such… that, so that, that so that, in order that, that, so,结果,

What have I done that you should be so angry with me?

I’ve just come into a little money so this is goodbye.

He spoke at the top of his voice so that everyone could hear.

11) lest, for fear that, in case“以防、万一”

The meeting will be put off in case that it should rain. (should)

12) as… as, not so… as, than, the…, the…比较;

It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it.

You should master as many words as you can.

He speaks English as well as Russian.

He did not study as hard as his son does now.

Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.(省略)

She meant more to me than anyone… even my wife.

Our sports ground is three times larger than theirs.

John plays football as well, if not better than, as David.

My bedroom is slightly bigger than yours.

The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes.(对称)

13) as, as if, as though, 方式

He looked as if he had just stepped out of fairy tales and he passed me like a spirit.

14) though, although, even if, even though, whether… or, whether or not, no matter wh-, wh-ever, as, while, 让步

He said he would come; he didn’t come, though.

Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time.

Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language, he has to study it.

Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language remains a question.

No matter what he says, no one will believe him.

Whoever you are, you must do as required.

Difficult as the task is, I’ll fulfill it on time.

Doctor as Mike is, he is not capable of operating.

Much as I like the toy, I will not buy it.

Surrounded as they were by the enemy, they managed to march forward.

While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.

While I know it is difficult, I’ll try.

6．as we all can see　　　　 正如我们都会看到的那样

　 which则不需要，例如：

The man died last night, which is a lie.

as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。

1) That is the same tool as we used last time.和上次一样的

That is the same tool that we used last time.就是上次的那个

　　　 2) We are now in such a condition that there is no other choice for us.如此……以至

These trousers are sold at such a low price _____ people expected.

A. like B. as C. that D. which　　　　　　　　　　 正如……那样的

This is such an instructive film ____ everyone wants to see again.

A. as B that C. which D. what

15)　 The way做先行词, 关系词可以用in which; that; 或省略

I don’t like ___ you speak to her. A. the way which B. the way in that C. the way D. the way where

We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.

我们喜欢它们一如喜欢美丽的窗帘料子。

5．as has been already pointed out　 正如已经指出的那样

4．as was expected　　　　　 正如预料的那样

3．as is well known　　　　 众所周知

2．as may be imagined　　　 正如可以想象出来的那样

2．　 as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子(即先行词)，可置于句首或句末。

　This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.

　Mary was late for school, as often happened.

As is known to all, the earth is round.

★　　　 as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别

as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：

　　 1．as has been said before　 　如上所述