Whether it is “women and children first” or “every man for himself” in a shipwreck（船只失事） may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink, researchers said recently．

       When the Lusitania was torpedoed（用鱼雷攻击） by a German ship in 1915, it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts（本能）．

       But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, it took “three hours to go down, allowing time for more civilize（文明的） behavior to take control—and the majority of the survivors were women, children and people with young children．

       Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a “rational”（理性的） and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a “natural experiment” for testing the idea, because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender （性别） and wealth．

       The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react, instincts may rule．When more time is available, social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists（心理学家） noted that many factors other than following social norms could come into play in a disaster, including an evolutionary urge to save the species, attachments（依恋） that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．

       The extent （程度） of altruism （利他主义） and how it occurs “is a very controversial issue,” said Anthony R．Mawson, a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant（主宰的） response was attachment behavior．

       Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan, US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind, he said, and that means “people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value, namely the young and women in child-bearing years”．

       Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster, noting that the Titanic’s captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania’s．

41．According to Benno Torgler, what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks?

       A．The survival instinct．                         B．The civilized behavior．

       C．The leadership of the captain．               D．The length of time．

42．Which of the follwing explanations for the two sinkings will be accepted by psychologists?

       A．Human beings are born to be selfish．

       B．The well-off will be likely to survive．

       C．Social status will play a decisive role in survival．

       D．Human survival is more significant than that of the individuals．

43．The following factors have something to do with disasters behaviors EXCEPT__________．

       A．leadership                                                B．social division of labor   

       C．a feeling of affection                               D．social regulations

44．According to Daniel Kruger, the young and women in child-bearing years take the priority to survive because________．

       A．they make a contribution to human continuity   

       B．they deserve everybody’s sympathy

       C．they have stronger survival instincts           

       D．they are the weak who need protecting

45．What is the main idea of the passage?

       A．The passage is mainly about two sinkings that had different result about survivals．

       B．The passage shows us the true causes that resulted in the two shipwrecks．

       C．The passage gives us a definite explanation about the different consequence of survivals of the two shipwrecks．

       D．The passage gives us various possible analyses about the disaster behaviors．

       Whether it is “women and children first” or “every man for himself” in a shipwreck（船只失事） may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink, researchers said recently．

       When the Lusitania was torpedoed（用鱼雷攻击） by a German ship in 1915, it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts（本能）．

       But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, it took “three hours to go down, allowing time for more civilize（文明的） behavior to take control—and the majority of the survivors were women, children and people with young children．

       Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a “rational”（理性的） and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a “natural experiment” for testing the idea, because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender （性别） and wealth．

       The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react, instincts may rule．When more time is available, social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists（心理学家） noted that many factors other than following social norms could come into play in a disaster, including an evolutionary urge to save the species, attachments（依恋） that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．

       The extent （程度） of altruism （利他主义） and how it occurs “is a very controversial issue,” said Anthony R．Mawson, a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant（主宰的） response was attachment behavior．

       Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan, US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind, he said, and that means “people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value, namely the young and women in child-bearing years”．

       Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster, noting that the Titanic’s captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania’s．

41．According to Benno Torgler, what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks?

       A．The survival instinct．                         B．The civilized behavior．

       C．The leadership of the captain．               D．The length of time．

42．Which of the follwing explanations for the two sinkings will be accepted by psychologists?

       A．Human beings are born to be selfish．

       B．The well-off will be likely to survive．

       C．Social status will play a decisive role in survival．

       D．Human survival is more significant than that of the individuals．

43．The following factors have something to do with disasters behaviors EXCEPT__________．

       A．leadership                                                B．social division of labor   

       C．a feeling of affection                               D．social regulations

44．According to Daniel Kruger, the young and women in child-bearing years take the priority to survive because________．

       A．they make a contribution to human continuity   

       B．they deserve everybody’s sympathy

       C．they have stronger survival instincts           

       D．they are the weak who need protecting

45．What is the main idea of the passage?

       A．The passage is mainly about two sinkings that had different result about survivals．

       B．The passage shows us the true causes that resulted in the two shipwrecks．

       C．The passage gives us a definite explanation about the different consequence of survivals of the two shipwrecks．

       D．The passage gives us various possible analyses about the disaster behaviors．

Deciding what to watch on TV is a battle of wills that is fought in homes all over the world. According to psychologists （心理学家）, it is much more serious than simply deciding between a soap opera and a sports program, or between pop music and politics. This television conflict is part of a bigger power game which goes on in homes, even though most of the players do not realize that they are playing a game at all. “It’s such a game as is not easy to notice,” says psychologist Dr. David Lewis, “that many people don’t even know they’re playing it.”

Unconsciously, people begin to play the game as soon as they meet their future husband and wife. By the time toe couple get married, the rules of game are already formed. The big decision, like where to live and which school to send the children to, are usually joint decision. When it comes to less important things, it’s a different matter. Here is just one example of this process at work. A husband looks through a pile of holiday brochures （小册子） and announces his preference: “The South of France.” And his wife quickly agrees before he realizes that the only brochures she gave him were those for the South of France. Similarly, she may decide on how the home should be decorated, but he chooses the new car and decides what the family does at weekends.

“Family power struggles are interesting,” says Dr. Lewis. “Of course, some people are naturally more dominant （占统治地位） than others, and the most dominant personality in a family tries to lead. These days, even though some many couples make a special effort to have a true and equal partnership, men generally have a greater need to appear to be in physical control. Women, on the other hand, are not so interested in physical control as in emotional control. On the whole, they’re more controlling and can make the man think of something as his idea in the first place.”

1．What is the psychologists’ opinion about choosing a TV program at home?

       A．It’s likely to cause family quarrels.

       B．It’s an interesting game a family likes to play.

       C．It’s difficult to choose with so many programs.

       D．It’s a matter of power in a family.

2．According to the passage, which decision is made by the couple together?

       A．How to decorate their home.                 B．Where to settle down.

       C．What kind of car to buy.                       D．What to do at weekends.

3．What can we learn about family decision – making from the passage?

      A．Men have the final say in the family.

       B．Men are much better controlled than women.

       C．Women are rather skillful in influencing men.

       D．Women are emotional about important matters.

4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

       A．Why people fight for power at home

       B．Whose finger is on the button at home.

       C．How family members play games at home

       D．What decision family members make together