Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.

The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (发酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.

The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.

A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (营养不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.

Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (酿酒厂) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (转换) of sugar to alcohol.

Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.

1.According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?

A．The Greeks.	B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.	D．The Sumerians.

2.The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .

A．the function of micro-organisms

B．the success of the fermentation process

C．two scientific discoveries about brewing

D．the results of yeast multiplication methods

3.According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.

B．There are some yeast particles in the air.

C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.

D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.

4.Which would be the best title for the text?

A．The beer culture.	B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.	D．Methods of brewing beer.

 

Between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, some humans discontinued their wandering hunting and gathering and settled down to farm. Grain was the first domesticated crop that started that farming process.
The oldest proven records of brewing are about 6,000 years old and refer to the Sumerians. Sumeria lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers including Southern Mesopotamia. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation (发酵) process by chance. No one knows today exactly how this occurred, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet and a short time later, it began to ferment.
The Sumerians were able to repeat this process and are assumed to be the first civilized culture to brew beer. They had discovered a “divine drink” which certainly was a gift from the gods. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning “to drink”, and the Spanish word cerveza originates from the Greek goddess of agriculture, Ceres.
A vitamin-rich porridge, used daily, beer is reported to have increased health and longevity and reduced disease and malnutrition (营养不良). The self-medicating properties of alcohol-rich beer also eased the tensions and stresses of daily living in a hostile world. The use of yeast (酵母) was not yet known at that time. The success of the fermentation process was left to chance, as the brewers unknowingly relied on yeast particles in the air.
Considerable scientific research took place in breweries (酿酒厂) in the 19th century. A famous work from 1876 by Louis Pasteur was Studies Concerning Beer where he revealed his knowledge of micro-organisms. By establishing that yeast is a living microorganism, Pasteur opened the gates for accurately controlling the conversion (转换) of sugar to alcohol.
Another discovery in beer brewing was the work of Christian Hansen, a Danish scientist, who successfully isolated a single yeast cell and induced it to reproduce on an artificial culture medium. With the resulting yeast multiplication (繁殖) methods, the purity of the fermenting process has been improved.
【小题1】According to the passage, who was the first to brew beer?

A．The Greeks.	B．Christian Hansen.
C．Louis Pasteur.	D．The Sumerians.

【小题2】The last two paragraphs mainly talk about 　　   　 .

A．the function of micro-organisms

B．the success of the fermentation process

C．two scientific discoveries about brewing

D．the results of yeast multiplication methods

【小题3】According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

A．Grain was the first crop used to brew beer.

B．There are some yeast particles in the air.

C．The word “beer” originates from Latin.

D．Modern beer contains more alcoholic.

【小题4】Which would be the best title for the text?

A．The beer culture.	B．The history of beer.
C．The earliest brewery.	D．Methods of brewing beer.

How lucky we are today that we can protect ourselves　　56　 many　 57　 that once 　 58　 death to thousands of people. This is because of work of a famous French scientist who suffered a great deal in his own life so that others might　　59　 .

Louis Pasteur was a bright boy,　　60　 his teachers said he was　　61　 . The reason for this was simple. Louis was very　 62　 with everything he did. He wanted to understand all and he asked many questions."Listen," shouted an angry teacher one day. "You are supposed to answer the question　　63　 asking them!"

However, he never stopped asking questions. There was one 　 64　 question he asked:　　65　 what was illness caused? In time he discovered the answers that have helped men　　66　 since ever. He worked very hard to keep　　67　 going on. When the silkworms began　　68　 ,France's silk-makers 　 69　 money. They turned to Pasteur for 　 70　 .

He found out the answer: certain tiny living things called germs attacked the silkworm eggs. Pasteur found a way of 　 71　 these germs, or　　72　 like them. The whole country 　 73　 , but during his years of work three　 74　 died. Even　　75　 he believed that other children's lives could be saved if he could stop germs from spreading.

56. A. against B. through C. without D. away

57. A. enemies B. illnesses C. wars D. dangers

58. A. permitted B. suffered C. meant D. took

59. A. live B. work C. suffer D. die

60. A. even B. though C. and D. so

6１. A. slow B. fool C. foolishly D. clever

62. A. careless B. careful C. satisfied D. unsatisfied

63. A. instead of B. but C. not D. and

64. A. common B. simple C. funny D. special

65. A. from B. by C. since D. though

66. A. to live longer B. to be saved from death C. never to die D. to live

67. A. life B. lives C. persons D. animals

68. A. losing B. dead C. die D. dying

69. A. got B. spent C. made D. lost

70. A. money B. silkworms C. living D. help

71. A. getting rid of B. completing C. separating D. ending

72. A. something B. thing C. creatures D. ones

73. A. were sad B. were silent C. was thankful D. was sorry

74. A. children of the country B. children of his own C. silk-makers D. silkworm eggs

75. A. in the trouble B. in anger C. in his sorrow D. in his joy

Louis Pasteur, one of the world's great scientists, was born in 1822, and died in 1895.While still a young boy, Louis Pasteur made his decision to become a scientist. He spent much of his life time studying the diseases of cattle, chickens and other tame animals. His wife learned to help him with his work. Almost everyone knows that Pasteur is the man responsible for finding a way of preventing milk from spoiling (变质). Not many people know he was the first to imagine and to prove that air we breathe is full of germs (细菌).  One of his greatest successes was finding a treatment for people and animals to prevent a disease called rabies (狂犬病). Louis Pasteur won many honors and could have got large amount of money. But Pasteur preferred to live simply. The real happiness of this unusual man came from his work. Louis Pasteur did so well in his life that the French government took up his work and created the Institute Pasteur in the year 1888. 

1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A．Pasteur was a scientist and doctor as well.

B．Pasteur lived for less than seventy years.

C．Everybody knows that Pasteur succeeded in finding a way of preventing milk from spoiling.

D．Pasteur's wife was of some help to him in his work..

2.From the passage, we know that Pasteur lived a simple life. This is because ________.

A．he earned little money.

B．he cared much about money.

C．what he really enjoyed was a simple life.

D．of all mentioned above.

3.Why were many honors given to Louis Pasteur?

A．Because he was the greatest scientist in the world.

B．Because he spent much of his life time studying the diseases of people .

C．Because he lived simply.

D．Because he was a great success as a scientist.

4.Pasteur could have got large amount of money if he had___________.

A．cared much about it.

B．made more discoveries.

C．lived a better life.

D．achieved more successes.

5.To Louis Pasteur the real happiness in his life was to __________.

A．study                                B．work

C．get large amount of money                D．raise tame animals

 

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur, one of the world's great scientists, was born in 1822, and died in 1895.While still a young boy, Louis Pasteur made his decision to become a scientist. He spent much of his life time studying the diseases of cattle, chickens and other tame animals. His wife learned to help him with his work. Almost everyone knows that Pasteur is the man responsible for finding a way of preventing milk from spoiling (变质). Not many people know he was the first to imagine and to prove that air we breathe is full of germs (细菌).  One of his greatest successes was finding a treatment for people and animals to prevent a disease called rabies (狂犬病). Louis Pasteur won many honors and could have got large amount of money. But Pasteur preferred to live simply. The real happiness of this unusual man came from his work. Louis Pasteur did so well in his life that the French government took up his work and created the Institute Pasteur in the year 1888.

1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A．Pasteur was a scientist and doctor as well.

B．Pasteur lived for less than seventy years.

C．Everybody knows that Pasteur succeeded in finding a way of preventing milk from spoiling.

D．Pasteur's wife was of some help to him in his work.

2. From the passage, we know that Pasteur lived a simple life. This is because ________.

A．he earned little money.

B．he cared much about money.

C．what he really enjoyed was a simple life.

D．of all mentioned above.

3.Why were many honors given to Louis Pasteur?

A．Because he was the greatest scientist in the world.

B．Because he spent much of his life time studying the diseases of people.

C．Because he lived simply.

D．Because he was a rare success as a scientist.

4. Pasteur could have got large amount of money if he had___________.

A．cared much about it.

B．made more discoveries.

C．lived a better life.

D．achieved more successes.

5.To Louis Pasteur the real happiness in his life was to __________.

A．study

B．work

C．get large amount of money

D．raise tame animals