The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smart phone, writing by hand has become something of old skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful--both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology(心理学) at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children learn the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her workmates carried out a study that looked at the ability of students to complete different writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, people wrote longer articles and more complete sentences.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us get our vocabulary, word meaning and ideas. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind into written symbols(标志) on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to notice spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct them over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the choices given by the computer.”
【小题1】Which of the following best shows the role of spelling?

　　Farley watched these wolves every day. The mother was a very 4 mother. She gave milk to her babies. She gave them lessons about life. They learned how to get food. The father wolf got food for the mother. The young wolf played with the children. They were a nice, happy family-a wolf family! Farley did not need his 5 any more. In a short time, he got on well with the wolf family. Farley watched them for five months. He learned many new things about wolves. He learned that many stories about the wolves were 6 .

Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage(选择最恰当的单词或词语，完成短文。用A、B、C或D表示)

　　School may be frightening to young children. They are new in their school. Before that they stayed at home. At home children may have been able to do what they wanted when they wanted to do it. But in school they are 　　1　　 time for talking, working, playing and eating. At home children are scolded in private(私下责备), but in school children will be scolded in front of their classmates.

　　“Bob,” the teacher 　　2　　 say, “why are you the only one in class who 　　3　　 do your yesterday's homework?” or, “David, why are you the only one who can't work quietly at your desk?”

　　In school the child may not be noticed very much by the teacher or the teacher is too busy to 　　4　　 him or her. But at home the parents will treat(对待) their son or daughter carefully. For these and other reasons, it is not 　　5　　 that children may not like to stay at school.

　　Though it is much 　　6　　 in school, children can learn a lot. They can't learn so much out of school.

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