Cause and effect is one way to explain things that happen around us．Many things happen because something caused or influenced them to happen．Sometimes it is hard to look at a cause and find out what caused or influenced them to happen．Sometimes it is hard to look at a cause and find out what causes the effect．It may help you to start with the effect and use your reasoning(推理的)skills．Think about all the things you know that could be reasons for the effect you can see．

　　For example, you may see someone putting on a heavy jacket．This is the effect．To look for a cause, think to yourself, “What would take someone put on a heavy jacket?” Maybe the person is going outside into very cold weather．Maybe the person works in the penguin pen(企鹅圈养地)at Sea World．Maybe the person is going to visit an ice skating rink where the air is kept very cold．All of these things could be a cause for putting on a heavy jacket．

　　Now, think about a second example．The effect is a boy named Abi has to go to the head teacher's office．What are the possible causes? Maybe he bullied(欺负)another student．Maybe he is just being picked up early．Maybe he is being given a prize!

　　Here is another example for you to think about its cause and effect．Cait, 13, was trying to fall asleep when her 8-year-old brother, Doug, came into her room．He looked around a bit, but seemed really out of it．Then Doug went back into the hallway and stood there looking straight up at the hall light for quite a while．Little brothers can be very strange, but this was really much too strange．Cait's father appeared and explained that Doug was sleepwalking．What's the cause end effect, could you tell?

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阅读理解

　　Manual came home crying．The children had called him “Fatso” again．He sat down, and looked very sad．“Don’t worry, I’m fat too,” said his mother．“ But it’s me they call Fatso,” manual cried．His mother felt very sorry for him．“ All right then,” she said．“ We are both too fat．Let’s go on a diet together．”

　　It would not be easy．They both loved bread, cakes, potatoes and chips．To diet, they had to eat salads．The first day was fun, but by nighttime, they felt very hungry．“ We won’t think about food．Let’s think about airplanes,” said his mother．“ But keep seeing chocolate in my mind,” Manual answered．The second day was hard, for they both kept thinking about cream cakes．The third was worse．By now they both wanted to give up．“No, no, we must be strong,” said Manual’s mother．

　　Somehow, they kept on dieting for three weeks, and lost a lot of fat．They liked their new bodies so much they kept going until they were really slim．After a few months, Manual enjoyed eating fruit, or nuts instead of sweets．Nobody called him Fatso anymore．Some were calling him Spider Legs－and he loved it．

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完型填空

　　One day, Mike and his friend Dick went fishing in the river．Mike took his dog Vic with him．But now and then, when the dog saw a small animal or a bird, he would run 　　1　　 it and try to catch it．Dick hated the dog, because the dog frightened the fish away．“Why did you 　　2　　 your dog here?” said Dick to Mike．“He 　　3　　 here and there．All the fish are frightened and swim 　　4　　．”

　　“You are right,” answered Mike．“Next time, I shall come without Vic．　　5　　 we go home now, Dick?”

　　Just then Dick shouted, “Wait, 　　6　　 is biting(Ir～)my line．I can feel it．” Dick was very glad．He forgot the danger．He went 　　7　　 the line, but he fell down into the water．“Help!Help!I can’t swim．” Dick shouted, up and down in the 　　8　　．

　　However Mike could not swim, 　　9　　．Just then Vic came up．The dog jumped into the water and pulled Dick onto the dry land by biting Dick’s shirt with his 　　10　　 Dick was saved．He was still holding the line in his hand．On its end was a big fish．

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