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　　Scientists who discovered a new way of generating electricity from water say they may have come across an alternative source of clean energy to rival wind and solar power．

　　The breakthrough, which scientists say is the first new way to generate electricity in 160 years, could lead to batteries that use water instead of poisonous substances．

　　The scientists made the discovery when they were investigating what happens when tap water is forced through extremely narrow glass tubes．Water squeezed down the tubes, each of which was narrower than a tenth the thickness of a human hair, generating a small electric current that ran the length of the tube．To produce a larger electric current, the team tried forcing water through a glass water filter(滤水器)that contained thousands of narrow channels lined up side by side．“When we took a syringe(注射器)of water and squeezed it through the filter, we got enough power to light a light bulb, ” said Larry Kostiuk of the University of Alberta in Canada．“The harder you push the syringe, the more electric current you get．”

　　The current is produced because of an effect in the glass tubes．When they are filled with water, positively charged ions(阳离子)fixed in the tubes are washed away, leaving a slight negative charge on the glass surface．When water is then forced along the tube, the surface repels negatively charged ions in the water while positively charged ions are attracted down the tube．The result is a net flow of positively charged ions that sets up an electric current．

　　According to Dr Kostiuk, no one has ever thought to use water to produce electricity in this way．“The last time someone came up with a way of generating electricity was Michael Faraday in 1839, ” he said．“So this is the first new way of generating electricity in 160 years, which is why we are so excited about it．”

　　Dr Kostiuk says water batteries might one day be used to power mobile phones and calculators, but admitted that the engineering challenges might make other applications more realistic．“You'd need to be sure it wouldn't leak, and you'd need to make sure it wouldn't freeze, ” he said．

　　More likely would be to install the electricity-generating devices where water is already being pumped, such as at city water filtration sites, he said．“It could compete with wind and solar power, ” he added．

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完形填空

　　Even though he has been caught, the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is still causing trouble．His arrest 　　1　　 as many questions as it has answers．Top of the list is 　　2　　 should happen to Saddam now, closely 　　3　　 by calls for information from him about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction．

　　He is currently being held by 　　4　　 troops at a secret place．The US says he will stand trial for his cruel actions during his years in 　　5　　．This is likely to take place at a court 　　6　　 two weeks ago by the US-backed Iraqi Governing Council．The council's president Abdul Aziz al-hakim has warned Saddam could be executed(处死)if 　　7　　 guilty(有罪的)by the court．And the US 　　8　　 this．

　　“I think he ought to receive the 　　9　　 punishment for what he has done to people, ” said US president George W．Bush, 　　10　　 directly stating that Saddam should be put to death．

　　However, many 　　11　　, including Saddam's long time enemy Iran, believe he would receive a fairer trial in an international court．　　12　　 Britain, American's closest supporter, said it would not take part in any trial that could lead to Saddam's execution．

　　The UN Security Council has yet to 　　13　　 its position clear．But UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan 　　14　　 say that“the UN does not support a death penalty．”

　　Besides waiting for a trial of Saddam, the world wants to see 　　15　　 the US and Britain can find the 　　16　　 weapons they gave as the 　　17　　 for the war in Iraq．Asked if Saddam's capture(捕获)could 　　18　　 a breakthrough(突破)in the hunt for the weapons of mass destruction, British Prime Minister Tony Blair said, “　　19　　 obviously that possibility there．But I think we should 　　20　　 what we're doing in Iraq．”

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READING COMPREHENSION

　　It’s not just adults who have a thing or two to discuss with other people, babies too have their own social lives and enjoy group interaction, according to a world-first study．

　　The breakthrough study conducted by psychologist Professor Ben Bradley, at Charles Sturt University, could completely transform the way child-care centres are set up．In their study, the researchers examined groups of nine-month-old babies in new South Wales and Britain．

　　And they came across astonishing results－it was found that infants had“social brains”and focused not just on their mothers but on social life in groups as well．

　　“They communicate with more than one baby at once, and show jealousy and generousness,”said Professor Bradley．

　　He added,“They develop their own meanings through group interaction, they notice if a group member is behaving differently and they take on roles, such as leaders and followers．”

　　“A baby who has a depressed mother tends to be withdrawn(内向的), but put that same baby in a group of its peers(同龄人)and they behave and interact like any other baby．”

　　It was the first all-baby group study ever to be conducted．“Most studies of babies concentrate on the infant-mother relationship, assuming that is the single foundation for mental health, but babies are constantly involved with groups of people other than their mothers：fathers, siblings, grandparents and those taking care．Therefore, the ‘mother-baby approach’ needs to be combined with a’group approach’,”said Bradley．

　　Phoebe Christison, a child-care worker at Camperdown Sunshine Bubs in Sydney’s inner west, said she often noticed what appeared to be emotional attachments developed between toddlers．

　　She said,“Joel(10 months)and Isabella(11 months)always like to hold hands when they sit in their high chairs and eat．And babies definitely show jealousy．They push and touch each other, and copy what the other is doing．”

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