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【题目】阅读下面的文字,完成题。

荒漠中的苇

王剑冰

汽车穿行于茫茫戈壁已经很久了。人们初开始的兴趣早已变成了朦胧的睡意。公路像条细细的带子在沙漠中甩来甩去,不知尽头在何处。有人不停地在后悔,应该走另一条国道的,是我等少数几个出的点子,说走这条路可以看到五彩城。直到我们走到了天黑,看到一颗好大的月亮,也没有见到它的踪影。旅途上的事情是不能凭美丽的想象来完成的。慢慢地我也没有了什么兴趣。除了沙漠还是沙漠,而且沙漠的颜色还不是金黄色的,很多都是粗糙的暗褐色的沙石,在公路的两边铺向无尽的远方。胡杨呢?红柳呢?几乎看不到什么植被,偶尔的几株沙棘,一晃就过去了。有时出现的不高的丘陵,也仅够让视线有个起伏的弧度。沙海茫茫,真正是茫茫了。

窄窄的戈壁公路上跑着的几乎就是我们这一辆汽车,弱小的一叶扁舟样地在大海的波涛中翻涌。

中间在什么地方吃了一顿午饭,然后就昏昏沉沉睡着了。醒来已是半下午了,车子还是不急不躁地跑着。我又一次地把头靠在窗户上,无聊地看着已不成风景的风景。就在这时,我竟然看到了一种熟悉的植物,是的,是那种水乡才能看到的植物——苇!起先我有点不相信自己的眼睛,以为是看错了,当这种植物又一次在我的视线中出现的时候,我真正地看清了,是苇。

在我的感觉里,苇属于弱者,弱者都是以群居的形式出现的,所谓“芸芸众生”。群居才能产生勇气,才能产生平衡,才能产生力量,才会便于生存。苇便是一种群像的结合体,荡漾是她的形容词。我曾在双台河口湿地保护区,在我的家乡渤海湾,在孙犁笔下的白洋淀,都看到过面积逾十万亩甚至百万亩的大芦苇荡。那一望无际的芦苇,像纤腰袅娜的女子,一群群相拥相携地在风中悠悠起舞。“蒹葭苍苍,白露为霜。所谓伊人,在水一方。”《诗经》中对一位玉人的思念也是以这美丽的植物为衬物的。作为一种最为古老的植物,苇给人们带来的总是美好的向往。很多的女孩借用了苇的名字。那是一种带有情感的、内涵丰富的、柔韧的、温馨的表达与体现。

可眼前这些苇却显得这般瘦削,不成气势。就像初生小女的头发,稀稀落落地表明着生命的再生。或像耄耋老者,以几许羊胡迎风,扬头看着不多的时日。我想象不到在这样荒凉(不只是荒凉,简直是恐怖)的地方,怎么会有苇这种植物生长。是鸟的羽翅?是风的神力?她们真的不该诞生在这里。在白洋淀、沙家浜,苇正牵裳起舞,接受着游人的赞叹;在渤海湾、黄海滩,苇也是丰足地吸吮着大地的乳汁,欢快地歌唱。

这该是植物中的弱女子啊,给她一片(不,哪怕是一点)水,她就敢生根、发芽、开花,摇曳出一片星火,一片阳光。那确实是一小片水,好像是修路开挖出的低洼地,仅仅是存留的一点点雨水,而绝不会是人为的故意,她们就结伴地生长起来,那是多么少的伴儿啊。但女子们还是愿意有伴的,这是她们的天性。孤芳自赏的苇似乎不称为苇,况且在这样的地方她们别说孤芳,连群艳也无可夺目。如果不是我惺忪中的一瞥,一个王姓男子也就同她们连一目的交情也错过了。

那片水已经剩了一点点,而她们的长大,还不是借助那一点水吗?看她们的样子,也就是刚刚过了童年而进入了青春期。那可是戈壁滩,是茫茫大漠,她们会摇曳、会挣扎多久呢?水涸地裂,沙丘涌动,她们都活不了。我已经看到,离水稍远的几株已经干枯颓折。

时光。苇,你的意思不是萎,是伟!想起金克木《生命》一诗中有一句“生命是伴着芦苇的啜泣与哈欠”,暗自笑了。这不知写于何时何背景的诗句,有些明了又有些不明,我这时倒是想改一句:“生命是伴着啜泣与哈欠的芦苇。”

西部,戈壁,荒漠,苇,我把这样的字眼在寂寞的旅途上相连,竟就连出了一种美妙的景。

(选自《散文选刊》)

1(物象概括鉴赏题)本文开头描写的沙漠有何特点?这样写有什么作用?

2(物象概括鉴赏题)同是弱者,水乡里的苇与荒漠中的苇各有什么不同?请作比较。

【答案】

1单调(或荒凉、缺乏生机),辽阔(茫茫)。突出了“苇”生长环境的恶劣,为下文写荒漠中的“苇”给人带来的惊喜(或写苇的坚韧和生命力强)做铺垫。

2水乡里的苇:美丽、群居(或繁茂)、生存条件好(或生存于一大片水域)、存活时间长。荒漠中的苇:瘦削、缺少气势(或少伴,或稀稀落落)、生存环境恶劣(或生存于一小片水中)、存活时间短。

【解析】

1)单调(或荒凉、缺乏生机)、辽阔(茫茫)。突出了生长环境的恶劣,为下文写荒漠中的给人带来的惊喜(或写苇的坚韧和生命力强)作铺垫

2水乡里的苇:美丽、群居(或繁茂)、生存条件好(或生存于一大片水域)、存活时间长

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毕淑敏:我变得更尊重人了,因为原来觉得,按照我的逻辑,这个事情是想不通的,觉得怎么会这样,太不可思议了。

主持人:两年的时间如果用来写一本书,可能至少要十几万或几十万人读到它,而您做心理咨询师只接触几百人,这个影响力会不会觉得小了一点?

毕淑敏:对我来说,我觉得自己的生命也是一个过程,我的生命曾经和几百个人的生命发生过如此深切的碰撞,这对我来说已经是非常宝贵的一份经历了。

(在做了两年时间的心理咨询师之后,毕淑敏又退出了这个行业,继续专注于文学的创作)

主持人:做过直接面对病人的那样的心理医生,后来为什么又不做了?

毕淑敏:因为来的人太多了,我不知道给谁看和不给谁看,我真的陷入一种特别大的愁苦之中了。我那时候其实面临一个挺痛苦的选择,也许我要换一种方式,把我的那种感悟和启示,用文字来表达,这样可能会有更多的人看到这些书,也许一句两句话可能会触动他们,可能会有更多的人分享。

主持人:这次心理学学习,对写作的影响又是什么?

毕淑敏:那种影响好像是一个潜移默化的过程,比如说我原来要写一个人物会非常辛苦地去设计他,对于人物,有的时候就会觉得有点不自信。现在是,现实中有一个现成的人,我只是把他描绘出来就行了。

主持人:文学作品能不能起到治疗的作用呢?

毕淑敏:我觉得在文学里其实是有多样人生的,如果我们在阅读过程中,能有同感,能有心灵的激荡,包括可能在某些方面改变我们对世界或者对自我的一些认识,我想这就是文学的功能之一。我写作时其实没有去想文学是否具有治疗的作用,我只是想,那些生活中的人物,他们感动过我,我愿意用文字把他们表达出来,和更多的人分享。

主持人:您不管是做作家还是做心理咨询师,都是在用不同的方式影响着一些人的生命,这是不是您做这些事情时一个心理上很大的成就感?

毕淑敏:一个生命和一个生命密切的接触,这个过程是神圣和庄严的,去从事这样的工作,我觉得有非常多的挑战,包括对我自己的反思,我也会有很多错误,很多不足,可是我依然对人和人之间这种亲密的联系,抱有非常高的敬畏和热情。

(选文略有删改)

【1】下列理解和分析,不符合原文意思的一项是(

A.毕淑敏与人合开心理诊所的原因,一是想把理论用于实践,二是意识到中国正处于社会转型期,人们对心理咨询的需求越来越强烈。

B.两年时间,毕淑敏做心理咨询师,只帮助了几百人,而假如她写一本书却能让更多人读到它,但她觉得这段经历同样弥足珍贵。

C.毕淑敏认为文学如果能感染读者,引起读者心灵的共鸣,可能在某些方面能促使读者改变对世界或自我的认识,这是文学的功能之一。

D.毕淑敏做了两年心理咨询师之后,退出了这个行业,原因是来进行心理咨询的人很多,她面临做心理咨询师和做作家的痛苦选择。

【2】下列对材料有关内容的分析和概括,最恰当的两项是(

A.毕淑敏在北京师范大学学习心理学,接触到一些有关人性的文学理论后,她对人的内心的理解发生了改变,对人性有了更真实的了解。

B.毕淑敏原来觉得按照她的逻辑,有些事想不通为什么会这样,不可思议,但是和几百人面对面地交流后,她变得更加尊重人了。

C.毕淑敏确认向她咨询的人经过内心的成长并对他们的心理问题已经有了一个比较清楚的思考,她觉得咨询者可以独立去面对世界,就结束咨询。

D.生活中有些人感动了毕淑敏,她用文字把感动她的人表达出来,和更多人分享。她认为,读者不会去想文学能否起到医疗的作用。

E.毕淑敏学习心理学之后,她的写作在不知不觉中受到了影响,比如原来写人非常艰难,现在写人比较轻松,她写作时更加自信了。

【3】毕淑敏被作家王蒙称为文学的白衣天使,请结合材料,谈谈你对这个称号的理解。

答:

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