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14.It is believed that the success of humans as a species depends to a large extent on our ability to cooperate in groups.Much more so than any other animal,people are able to coordinate and join their forces and actions to produce mutual(共同的) benefits.
New research involving Dr Lucas Molleman,an expert at the University of Nottingham,suggests that successful cooperation in groups depends on how people gather information about their peers,and how they base their cooperative decisions on it.
Biologists wonder how cooperation could have developed by natural selection:It is puzzling how cooperation can be beneficial when it is possible to behave selfishly and take advantage of the cooperative efforts of your group.Psychologists and economists try hard to understand why many people are willing to sacrifice their own welfare to benefit their social environment.
Dr Molleman,from the center for Decision Research and Experimental Economics,said,"The question that our research tries to answer is:‘How do people make decisions when their actions can affect the welfare of others?'More specifically,we want to know how people determine their behavior when they have to cooperate in groups."In these situations,a beneficial outcome for the whole group can be achieved if everyone cooperates.Individually,however,people might be better off by making selfish choices.It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate.
Dr Pieter Van Den Berg from the University of Groningen said,"From previous research we know that some people are‘majority-oriented (以多数人为方向的)'and tend to look at the behavior of the majority in their group,whereas others are‘success-oriented'and try to find out what kind of behavior pays off best for themselves."
Dr Molleman said,"It turns out that behavior in groups of success-oriented people was much more selfish than it in groups of majority-oriented people.As a consequence,the people in the majority-oriented groups tended to earn more money in the experiment since they cooperated more."

28.According to the passage,what is special about human being?B
A.They are likely to communicate well with others.
B.They are capable of working together with others.
C.They are strong to survive some natural disasters.
D.They are easy to get access to various information.
29.What does the underlined word"it"in paragraph 2refer to?C
A.Research.
B.Cooperation.
C.Information.
D.Group.
30.The author writes Paragraph 4 toA.
A.let us know how people make cooperative decisions
B.show us the importance of cooperative decisions
C.tell us how to make other people cooperate in a group
D.remind us of the advantages of cooperating with each other
31.From the passage,we can infer thatD.
A.people are more concerned about which group they are supposed to select
B.the efforts of success-oriented people are more likely to pay off
C.people make a wise decision based on observing others'behaviors carefully
D.people perform differently when they make decisions.

分析 本文属于说明文阅读,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了人的特点是他们能够与其他人一起工作,在合作的决定上不同的人的表现不同.

解答 28.B.细节理解题.根据第一段Much more so than any other animal,people are able to coordinate and join their forces and actions to produce mutual(共同的) benefits可知人的特点是他们能够与其他人一起工作;故选B.
29.C.词义猜测题.根据第二段suggests that successful cooperation in groups depends on how people gather information about their peers,and how they base their cooperative decisions on it建议在小组合作成功取决于人们如何收集同行的信息,以及他们如何为自己的合作决策上;可知意为信息;故选C.
30.A.段落大意题.根据第四段It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate可知作者写4段让我们知道人们是如何合作的决定;故选A.
31.D.推理判断题.根据第四段It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate可知人们做决定时表现不同;故选D.

点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力,做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确的选择.在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实,要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断.

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