阅读理解
If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers (暗码) are another. In a code each word is written as a secret code word or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed.
Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2,000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the American Revolution, George Washington's spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military (军事的) action. In World War Ⅱ, the Americans “broke”, or figured out, Japan's most important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet.
Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock (商品) . Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.
In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer (星相家), mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friend received it, he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.
1.The best title of this passage is ________.
[ ]
A.Codes and Ciphers
B.Differences between Codes and Ciphers
C.History of Codes and Ciphers
D.Inventors of Codes and Ciphers
2.Which of the following statements is true?
[ ]
A.Ciphers can be broken or figured out more easily than codes.
B.You could read some words in Geronimo's letter without his trellis.
C.The first person who ever used a cipher in history was Julius Caesar.
D.Fondness of using codes was the hobby of the scientists in the 16th century.
3.According to Geronimo Cardano, a trellis is ________.
[ ]
A.a piece of paper with many small holes
B.a secret message with a lot of small holes
C.a letter with unreadable words and sentences
D.a sheet of paper with groups of Arabic figures
4.It is NOT mentioned in the passage that codes and ciphers are used for the purpose of ________.
[ ]
A.military affairs
B.commercial secrets
C.scientific achievements
D.personal enjoyment
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The management and staff are happy to welcome you and will do all they can to make your stay an
enjoyable one.
MEAL TIMES
Our overnight charge includes a continental-type breakfast.
Breakfast: 7:30-9:30 a. m.
Lunch: 12:00-2:00 p. m.
Afternoon tea: 4:00-5:30 p. m.
Dinner: 7:00-9:15 p. m.
Meals can be served in rooms at a small extra charge. We regret that meals cannot be served outside
these times.
Light refreshments including tea, coffee, biscuits and sandwiches, can be served in rooms between
10:00 a. m. and 11:00 p. m. except during the meal times listed above. Cold drinks are available in the room
refrigerator.
ROOM CLEANING
Please hang the appropriate sign on your door handle if you do not wish to be disturbed. It will be easier
for the maids if you can leave the room temporarily at any time between 9:30 a. m. and 4:00 p. m. VALUABLES
We are not responsible for the loss of money, jewellery, or other valuables unless they are kept in the
safe and signed for by the manager.
DEPARTURES
Please inform receptionists of your intended leaving before 9:30 a. m. of the day concerned and leave
the room by noon to allow for its preparation for incoming guests. If circumstances (情况) require, luggage
can be left in the charge of the hall porter.
A SPECIAL REQUEST
We would respectfully suggest that in consideration of the comfort of other guests, the volume of radios
and televisions should be turned down after 11:00 p. m.
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