E
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore
failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
71．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.
A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B．the amount of monetary rewards for students' creativity
C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D．the effects of external rewards on students' performance
72．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A．They have no doubts about them.
B．They have doubts about them.
C．They approve of them.
D．They avoid talking about them.
73．Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.
C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D．Giving them rewards they hope for.
74．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.
A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B．punishment is more effective than rewarding
C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D．discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
75．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.
A．ways to develop economy
B．systems of rewarding students
C．approaches to solving problems
D．methods of improving performance
科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
Early in 1980, a magazine called Good Housekeeping printed an amazing article. It was the true story of twins who met for the first time —when they were 39 years old. The twins were separated when they were five weeks old and adopted by different families.
In 1979 they found each other. They found out that they were both named Jim. Although they had never met, they had both been married to women named Linda. Of course, they looked exactly alike. They also walked alike, laughed alike, and even talked alike.
How would you find other articles about twins? The Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature helps you find magazine articles. Look at the section of the Readers’ Guide below. Study the sample entry.
The Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature lists magazine articles under their subject or author. All entries are listed alphabetically.
Each subject entry in the Readers’ Guide lists all the articles written on that subject. It gives the title and author of each article. It also lists the name, date, and volume of the magazine, and the pages where you will find the article. Use the section of the Readers’ Guide below to answer the questions. Be sure to study the sample entry.
TWINS
See also
Siamese twins
Identical twins reared apart [University of Minnesota study] C. Holden. il Science 207: 1323-5+ Mr 21 ’80
It’s twins! T. B. Brazelton. Redbook 154: 80 + F ’80
Jim Twins: together after 39 years [identical twins J. Springer and J. Lewis; ed by E. P. Frank] B. Springer. il pors Good H 190: 123 + F ’80
Me, myself & us: twins. J. Rodgers. il Sci Digest p92-7 N/D ’80
Mysteries of identical twins. R. Distelheim il McCalls 108:68+ Ja ’81
New studies on twins seeking to prevent double trouble. K. Cassil. Sci Digest 88:78-81 S ’80
Reunion of identical twins, raised apart, reveals some astonishing similarities [Jim twins] D. D. Jackson. il pors Smithsonian 11:48-57 O ’80
Telltale behavior of twins [study of long separated identical twins] S. Farber bibl il Psychol Today 15:58-60+ Ja ’81
Twins. M. J. Friedman. il Parents 55:76-81 N ’80
Twins. G. G. Panter. il Parents 55:72+ Mr ’80
Twins take on modeling. Pors seventeen 39:130-3 Je ’80
Twins: the facts and the folklore. E. R. Mark. Good H 190:256 Je ’80
39. Who wrote the article “Jim Twins: Together After 39 Years”?
A. Good housekeeping B. J. Rodgers C. B. Springer D. Jim
40. You want to read the article “Mysteries of identical Twins”. In what magazine will you find this article?
A. McCalls B. Science Digest C. Distelheim D. Science
41. Which of the following articles is the newest?
A. “It’s Twins” B. “Identical Twins Reared Apart”
C. “Mysteries of Identical Twins” D. “Jim Twins: Together After 39 Years”
42. The Readers’ Guide is a series of books. Each book lists all the magazine articles published for one year. Which book in the Readers’ Guide would list the articles on Twins?
A. 1978-1979 B. 1979-1980 C. 1980-1981 D 1981-1982
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