To extinguish (熄灭) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been invented. They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires（要求） ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to put out a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.
Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used to cover a small fire.
A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn from a fire, so that it can find no fuel.
The method that is used to put out a fire depends on the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.

1.
If a fire breaks out on a bus, which of the following should be ready there for you to use?
1. A.
  Sand
2. B.
  Water
3. C.
  A blanket.
4. D.
  An extinguisher.
2.
To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin( 盆）in order to stop the fire is an example of___________.
1. A.
  separating the fire
2. B.
  reducing the heat
3. C.
  removing the fuel
4. D.
  cutting off the oxygen
3.
In choosing how to put out a fire, we should first be clear about__________.
1. A.
  when it breaks out
2. B.
  how it comes about
3. C.
  what kind it is
4. D.
  where it takes place
4.
What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
1. A.
  Another class of fires
2. B.
  Another type of extinguishers
3. C.
  How fires break out.
4. D.
  How fires can be prevented.

DDCA
文章分析了不同的灭火原理和方法。
1.细节题。根据第一段最后一行The law requires（要求） ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
2.推理题。和第三段内容一样，这样做很明显是为了氧气，这样达到灭火的目的。
3.细节题。根据文章最后一段第一句The method that is used to put out a fire depends on the type of fire.
4.推理题。根据文章最后一段可知有三种火，刚刚在最后一段讲述了一种火，接下来应该是讲述另外一种火。

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1. A.
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2. B.
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3. C.
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4. D.
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2.
1. A.
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2. B.
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4. D.
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3.
1. A.
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2. B.
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4.
1. A.
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1.
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1. A.
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2.
We can infer that the Independent’s “ i ” is aimed at _____________.
1. A.
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2. B.
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3. C.
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4. D.
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3.
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1. A.
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3. C.
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4. D.
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1. A.
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2. B.
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1.
1. A.
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2. B.
  angry
3. C.
  happy
4. D.
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2.
1. A.
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1. A.
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2. B.
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1. A.
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1. A.
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1. A.
  open
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12.
1. A.
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2. B.
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3. C.
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13.
1. A.
  away
2. B.
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4. D.
  out
14.
1. A.
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2. B.
  what
3. C.
  where
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15.
1. A.
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3. C.
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4. D.
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16.
1. A.
  crying
2. B.
  breathing
3. C.
  smiling
4. D.
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17.
1. A.
  light
2. B.
  policeman
3. C.
  car
4. D.
  crash
18.
1. A.
  took
2. B.
  picked
3. C.
  knocked
4. D.
  made
19.
1. A.
  sound
2. B.
  voice
3. C.
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4. D.
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20.
1. A.
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Working hard for fun
No more pencils! No more books
No more teacher’s serious looks!
After a long period of study and work, the young Americans burst through the school doors singing.
But unfortunately, American students do very poorly and are among the worst students in the world. In the entire field of subjects---from geography and maths to science and general knowledge. American students are the poorest performers. Why? What’s the reason behind the scene? One problem lies in the fact that so little is expected from them. The standards of success are too low. Teachers are not willing to give out low grades and fail students. Besides, the existing negative results are few and mean little to students if their performance in study is poor . Of course some students realize that a high school diploma is a measure of success and will be important to get a job or get admitted into college. But they only have to go through the motions without really trying. They learn to get by with a minimum of effort.
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1.
Why are American students the poorest performers in the entire field of subjects?
1. A.
  Because they are too busy to find time to study.
2. B.
  Because they are too stupid and too lazy.
3. C.
  Because they care little about their study.
4. D.
  Because so little is required from them
2.
Which of the following is Not true ?
1. A.
  Most of American students spend less than five hours on their study every week.
2. B.
  Few American students have trouble to enter college.
3. C.
  American students can be admitted into college even without a high school diploma.
4. D.
  It is hard for the students in China to enter college.
3.
What seems to be the writer’s attitude towards American students?
1. A.
  He probably thinks much should be expected from them.
2. B.
  He is in favour of American students’ learning methods.
3. C.
  He shows no interest in American students’ study.
4. D.
  He thinks American students study hard.

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Do you know the cold?
Everybody knows what happens when you catch a cold. First you sniffle(抽鼻涕) or get a more throat. Then you sneeze. After coughing and blowing your way through the next few days it’s over---until next time
Do you know what causes a cold, how it is spread or how to help prevent it? And which of the many medicines is best for your cold?
There is no known cure for the common cold. Once you catch a cold, your body usually produces antibodies(抗体) to the virus which caused the cold. These antibodies help the body develop resistance（抵抗力) to the virus if you catch it again. Unfortunately, over 200 different viruses cause the common cold. These viruses may change over time, so your resistance to them reduces. The large number of viruses and the fact that they change help explain why there is no cure for the common cold and why you will suffer colds in the future.
The colds increase in winter(usually between Septenber and March) but Not because of the cold! Cold weather has not been shown to increase the number of colds. People spend more time indoors in winter. They are therefore more likely to come into physical contact with each other and spread the disease. All these ideas remain to be proven. No one has been able to discover what really causes these colds
Common colds are spread by sneezes or by direct contact with a cold sufferer, usually when two people’ hands touch or an object is passed from one person to another. Sneezing spreads colds when someone sneezes near other people, or sneezes on objects which others later touch. A cold virus can survive up to three hours on hard surfaces.
The simplest and most effective way to lower the risk of catching a cold is to wash your hands frequently. Another important step in cold prevention is for cold sufferers to get rid of used tissues immediately after use.

1.
From the passage, we can know____________.
1. A.
  a cold virus can survive up to four hours
2. B.
  most of people know how to cure a cold
3. C.
  there are more colds in November than in May
4. D.
  all of us catch more than one cold a year
2.
According to the passage, people tend to catch a cold___________.
1. A.
  because they don’t take exercise in winter
2. B.
  if they stay outdoors in freezinf cold winter
3. C.
  if they stay indoors more often in winter
4. D.
  because the viruses of colds usually exist in winter
3.
We can know colds sre spread through____________.
1. A.
  air and touching
2. B.
  coughs and objects
3. C.
  two people
4. D.
  a person and his hands

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