Question

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children ____ criminal behavior before they were not sufficiently ____ for previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate control from parents. All ____, however, are uncertain or unimproved and are of course challenged with criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. This results in dissatisfaction among youths and may in ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also experienced ____ these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other noticeable ____ of offensive acts include unfavorable experience or failure in school, the ____ availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing phenomenon of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the ____ of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been established.

1.A. refer to B. know about C. engage in D. learn of

2.A. punished B. forgiven C. forgotten D. excused

3.A. return B. contact C. reference D. response

4.A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. believing

5.A. values B. misbehaviors C. criminals D. theories

6.A. affect B. reduce C. prevent D. reflect

7.A. point B. lead C. come D. add

8.A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at last

9.A. case B. short C. turn D. essence

10.A. failure B. miseries C. development D. changes

11.A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. occasionally

12.A. education B. concept C. structure D. economy

13.A. suggestions B. causes C. ideas D. reports

14.A. increased B. restricted C. reasonable D. popular

15.A. knowledge B. aspect C. strength D. probability

 

Answer 1

1.C

2.A

3.D

4.B

5.D

6.A

7.B

8.A

9.C

10.D

11.B

12.C

13.B

14.A

15.D

【解析】

试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇关于青少年犯罪方面的文章。这里文章作者主要叙述了青少年犯罪的起因。

1.短语辨析。A. refer to提及；B. know about了解；C. engage in参加；D. learn of听说。句意：孩子从事犯罪行为是因为以前的错误行为没有得到足够的惩罚。故选C。

2.考查短语be punished for受到惩罚。根据后句for previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others.可知以前的错误行为没有得到足够的惩罚。故选A。

3.C根据hildren commit crimes into their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status… "孩子犯罪……想提高社会经济地位却遭受失败……"。不难发现，前后两个部分之间是因果关系。选项A. in return 作为回报，一般不与to 连用；B. in reply to 作为回复；C. in reference to 关于，参考；D. in response to 由于，作为回应,这里可以引申为"由于，出于"的意思，表达一种因果关系。故选D。

4.动词。A. considering 考虑到； B. ignoring 忽略；C. highlighting 强调，启发；D. discarding 抛弃。大多数青少年犯罪的理论都将矛头指向单亲家庭的孩子身上，忽略了富裕家庭孩子也犯罪的事实。故选B

5.上下文联系。根据文章第一句Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.可知答案。所有的理论都不确定或没有。故选D。

6.A. affect 影响；B. reduce 减少；C. check 检查；D. reflect 反映。社会结构的变革可能会间接影响青少年犯罪率。故选A

7.动词。A. point to 指向；B. lead to 导致；C. come to 达到，苏醒；D. amount to 合计，总计。经济的变革会使就业机会少，失业率高，这是因果关系。只有lead to"导致"可以表示因果关系。故选B

8.考查短语辨析。A. in general 一般来说；B. on average 平均；C. by contrast 对比；D. at length 最终。句子中没有统计，因此不涉及平均， on average 不符合句子含义；没有参照对象，因此不涉及对比， by contrast 不符合句子含义；没有时间期限，不涉及最终， at length不符合句子含义。in general "一般来说，经济变革使回报丰厚的工作更难找到"，符合句子含义。故答案选A

9.短语。A. in case 万一；B. in short 简言之；C. in turn 反过来；D. in essence 本质上说。前文介绍各种变化带来的后果，空格处所在的句子"随之产生的不满……导致更多的年轻人走向犯罪"，这说明变化和犯罪是相互作用的，故选择in turn"反过来"。故选C。

10.名词。A. failure失败；B. miseries苦难；C. development发展；D. changes变化。这些年来，家庭也经历了变化。故选D

11.A. contrarily 相反地；B. consequently 结果是；C. similarly 相似地；D. simultaneously 同时。空格前后语句构成因果关系。更多的家庭只有父亲或者母亲在家，或者父母都在外工作。因此孩子在家里面可能很少有人监督。故选B

12.名词。第三段首句Changes in the social structure…指出社会结构的变化影响青少年犯罪。因此structure "结构"为正确选项。system "系统"，concept "概念"，heritage "遗传"都不合文义。故选C

13.名词。A. suggestions建议；B. causes导致；C. ideas想法；D. reports报告。其他的能够发现的导致犯罪行为的原因包括上学受挫和失败。故选B

14.形容词。A. increased增长的；B. restricted限制的；C. reasonable合理的；D. popular受欢迎的。毒品和酒类产品的存在不断地增加。故选A

15.名词。A. knowledge知识；B. aspect方面；C. strength力气；D. probability可能性。所有这一切都会增加儿童犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系还不确定。故选D。

考点：考查议论文