19．Persuasion is the art of convincing someone to agree with you．According to the ancient Greeks，there are three basic tools of persuasion：ethos，pathos，and logos．
Ethos is a speakers way of convincing the audience that she is trustworthy，honest and reliable．One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education she has in the field．After all，you're more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a fireman．A speaker can also create ethos by convincing the audience that she is a good person．If an audience cannot trust you，you will not be able to persuade them．
Pathos is a speaker's way of connecting with an audience's emotions．For example，a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war．These words are intended to fill the audience with fear，thus making them support him．Similarly，an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats，to make the viewers feel pity．If the audience feels bad for the animals，they will be more likely to donate money．
Logos is the use of facts，statistics，or other evidence to support your argument．An audience will be more likely to believe you if you have convincing data to back up your claims．Presenting this evidence is much more persuasive than simply saying"believe me"．
Although ethos，pathos，and logos all have their strengths，they are often most effective when used together．Indeed，most speakers use a combination of ethos，pathos，and logos to persuade their audiences．So，the next time you listen to a speech，watch a commercial，or listen to a friend try to convince you to lend him some money，be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion．
32．Why does the author say persuasion is an art？B
A．They both entertain the audience．
B．They both require great skill to achieve．
C．They both demand full attention from the audience．
D．They were both common topics of ancient Greek writers．
33．How is a speaker able to show her ethos to the audience？D
A．By expressing her sympathy with the audience．
B．By telling the audience about her personal preference．
C．By using beautiful language to make her statements attractive．
D．By showing her knowledge and experience relating to the topic．
34．What can we learn about the three aspects of persuasion？B
A．Ethos is the most important aspect of persuasion．
B．Each aspect has a different effect on the audience．
C．Honesty is the key to making your arguments believable．
D．Political leaders mostly use pathos to persuade their audience．
35．An advertisement for washing powder which claims that M scientific tests show that our powder kills 95% of all bacteria"is mainly usingC．
A．ethos B．pathos C．logos D．a combination of all three．
分析 文章首先说劝服是一种让别人相信认同你的艺术，然后具体介绍了古希腊提出三种基本工具的用法和对观众产生的影响，强调的是劝服的技巧性．
解答 32．B 33．D 34．B 35．C
32．B 主旨大意题．文章首先说劝服是一种让别人相信认同你的艺术，然后具体介绍了古希腊提出三种基本工具的用法和对观众产生的影响，强调的是劝服的技巧性，所以说劝服是一门艺术．B项意为"它们都要求很高的技巧性"，符合题意．故正确答案为B．
33．D 细节理解题． 根据第二段第二句 One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education she has in the field 可知，演讲者可以通过解释她在该领域的经验或者教育程度来展现她的气质．D项符合题意． 故正确答案为D．
34．B 细节理解题．文章介绍了 persuasion 的三个基本工具也就是 ethos，pathos 和 logos，并分别说明了每个工具的作用以及具体的使用方法．B项意为"每个方面都能对观众产生不同的影响"，符合题意．A项，"Ethos 是说服最重要的一个方面"．文中仅仅介绍了三个方面的不同作用，并没提及哪个更为重要，A项错误．C项，"坦诚是使你的观点增强可信度的关键"．文中提到 persuasion 的三个工具均能提高观点的可信度，并没有提及坦诚，C项错误．D项，"政治领导最常使用 pathos 来劝服他们的观众"．根据最后一段第二句 Indeed，most speakers use a combination of ethos，pathos，and logos to persuade their audiences 可知，虽然每种工具的作用不同，但是演讲者通常混合使用这三种，而非仅仅使用 pathos，D项错误．故正确答案为B．
35．C 推理判断题．根据第四段第一句 Logos is the use of facts，statistics，or other evidence to support your argument 可知，logos 通过使用事实、数据以及其他证据来支持你的观点，而题目中提到的通过科学实验来表明洗衣粉的杀菌能力达到95%，使用的是 logos 这种工具．故正确答案为C．
点评 做阅读时经常犯错的主要原因是，仅凭读过文章后残留在脑海中的一丝印象来勾选答案，这样便很容易掉入出题人故意设布下的题目陷阱．所谓阅读理解，对于题目的理解一定要忠实于原文，因此，每一道题都应该与原文作全面的对比与核查，再得出答案．也就是说，阅读理解的每一道题目，在原文都应该有明确的出处，我们把这一出处叫做原文相关句，（1）排除与原文相关句主题不一致的选项（2）排除与原文相关句态度相反的选项 （3）排除用于过于极端或负面的选项（4）注意结合文章主旨和主题去排除．
