18．Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history．Dubos （1969）suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they，too，relied upon their instincts to stay healthy．Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（减轻）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound．Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body，magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders．So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits．Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual （礼仪） to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body．
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates．Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400B．C．，not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name．Nevertheless，the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice．One of his most famous contributions，the Hippocratic Oath，is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics （道德）．Among other things，it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick，keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm，and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship．
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships．In this classic thesis，On Airs，Waters，and Places，Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors：living habits or lifestyle，climate，geography of the land，and the quality of air and food．Interesting enough，concerns about our health and the quality of air，water，and places are still very much written in the twentieth century．
31．The topic of the first paragraph is summarized inA．
A．the first sentence of the paragraph
B．the second sentence of the paragraph
C．the third sentence of the paragraph
D．the last sentence of the paragraph
32．Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseasesB？
A．Because magic was an inseparable part of their life．
B．Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body．
C．Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits．
D．Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits．
33．Considering Hippocrates'background，we can see from the second paragraph thatD．
A．he was the forefather of modern medicine
B．experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C．he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D．experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
34．All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPTD．
A．helping patients
B．keeping oneself from harming patients
C．keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D．obeying rules for modern medicine practice
35．Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph？C
A．Doctor's concerns remain unchanged．
B．Medicine comes from nature．
C．Environment affects health．
D．Climate determines lifestyle．
分析 本文是一篇说明文，主要阐述了尝试理解社会行为和健康的关系有着历史渊源．原始人依靠本能来保持健康，但由于他们对人体的机能尚不了解，于是就把疾病和健康与神灵联系在了一起．古希腊医学家希波克拉底对医学做出了很大的贡献．
解答 31-35 ABDDC
31．A 推理判断题．根据第一段第一句"Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history．"可知，此处是第一段的主题句，主要讲的是古人对健康的了解和看法，即社会行为和健康的关系有着历史渊源，故选A．
32．B 细节理解题．根据第一段"Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body，magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders．"可知，原始人对人体的功能了解不多，于是就把疾病与巫术练习了起来，故选B．
33．D 细节理解题．根据第二段中的"Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B．C．，not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name．"可知，关于希波克拉底，人们知道的很少，除了知道他是希腊人，生活在公元前400年，故选D．
34．D 细节理解题．可用排除法．根据第三段中的"he or she will help the sick，keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm，and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship"可知，A、B、C都是希波克拉底誓言里面的内容，故选D．
35．C 细节理解题．根据最后一段中的"human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors"可知，环境与健康的关系，故选C．
点评 解答细节理解题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干和选项中的关键词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案；推理判断题既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点．
