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18.One hundred years ago,"Colored"was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent.Twenty years later,it was purposefully dropped to make way for"Negro."By the late 1960s,that term was overtaken by"Black."And then,at a press conference in Chicago in 1988,Jesse Jackson declared that"African American"was the term to welcome.This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups,such as"Italian Americans"and"Irish Americans,"that had already been freed of widespread discrimination.
A century's worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise.A 2001study cataloged all the ways in which the term"Black"carried connotations (涵义) that were more negative than those of"African American."
But if it was known that"Black"people were viewed differently from"African Americans,"researchers,until now,hadn't identified what that gap in perception was derived from.A recent study,conducted by Emory University's Erika Hall,found that"Black"people are viewed more negatively than"African Americans"because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status.As a result,"Black"people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities.
The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial discriminations permeating the professional world.Even seemingly harmless details on a CV,it appears,can tap into recruiters'(招聘人员)discriminations.A job application might mention affiliations(关系) with groups such as the"Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers"or the"National Black Employees Association,"the names of which apparently have consequences,and are also beyond their members'control.
In one of the study's experiments,subjects were given a brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams.To one group,he was identified as"African-American,"and another was told he was"Black."With little else to go on,they were asked to estimate Mr.Williams'salary,professional standing,and educational background.
The"African-American"group estimated that he earned about 37,000ayearandhadatwo-yearcollegedegree.The"Black"group,ontheotherhand,puthissalaryatabout 29,000,and guessed that he had only"some"college experience.Nearly three-quarters of the first group guessed that Mr.Williams worked at a managerial level,while only 38.5percent of the second group thought so.
Hall's findings suggest there's an argument to be made for electing to use"African American,"though one can't help but get the sense that it's a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress.Perhaps a new phrase is needed,one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois'original,idealistic hope:"It's not the name-it's the Thing that counts."

59.We can conclude from Erika Hall's findings thatA.
A.Racial discriminations are widespread in the professional world
B.Many applicants don't attend to details on their CVs
C.Job seekers should all be careful-about their affiliations
D.Most recruiters are unable to control their racial biases
60.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?C
A.Jesse Jackson embraced the term"African American"because it is free from discrimination.
B.The naming of any ethnic (种族) group is political sensitive.
C.Before the study conducted by Erika Hall,researchers had identified the causes of the gap in
perception of racial discrimination.
D.A man identified as"African American"is thought of as more capable than he is identified as"Black".
61.Erika Hall's experiment about a man with the last name Williams indicates thatC.
A.African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups
B.Black people's socioeconomic status in America remains low
C.People's conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled
D.One's professional standing and income are related to their educational background
62.From the underlined sentences in the last paragraph,we can know that Dr.Du Bois'hope isB.
A.All Americans enjoy equal rights
B.A person is judged by their worth
C.A new term is created to address African Americans
D.All ethnic groups share the nation's continued progress.

分析 这是一篇关于种族歧视的议论文,文章探讨了非洲血统的美国人被称为"黑人"和"非裔美国人"时人们的不同态度.

解答 59.A  细节理解题.根据第四段第一句:The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial discriminations permeating the professional world.可知研究最引人注目的发现揭示了种族歧视渗透职业界.故选A项.
60.C 推理判断题.根据第三段第一句:But if it was known that"Black"people were viewed differently from"African Americans,"researchers,until now,hadn't identified what that gap in perception was derived from可知,但是,如果人们知道"黑人"与"非裔美国 人"有着不同的看法,那么研究人员到目前为止还没有意识到这种差异是由何产生.故C项说在Erika Hall进行的研究之前,研究人员已经确定了种族歧视感知差距的原因.是不正确的.
61.C 推理判断题.根据第四段:The study's most striking findings shed light on the racial discriminations permeating the professional world.Even seemingly harmless details on a CV,it appears,can tap into recruiters'discriminations.A job application might mention affiliations(关系) with groups such as the"Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers"or the"National Black Employees Association,"the names of which apparently have consequences,and are also beyond their members'control.根据第四段的研究最引人注目的发现揭示了种族歧视渗透 职业界.即使在简历,看似无害的细节似乎可以挖掘到招聘人员歧视.求职可能会提到与族群的关系如"威斯康星裔美国律师协会"或"全国黑人雇员协会"的名称显然有后果,也超出了他们的成员的控制.下一段举例受试者被简要地描述 了一个来自芝加哥的人,姓威廉姆斯的例子说明一个人的概念与这个人被贴上标签的方式有关系.故选C项.
62.B 句意理解题.根据最后一段:Hall's findings suggest there's an argument to be made for electing to use"African American,"though one can't help but get the sense that it's a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress.Perhaps a new phrase is needed,one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois'original,idealistic hope:"It's not the name-it's the Thing that counts."也许一个新的阶段是必要的,一个能让大家更靠近实现杜波依斯原创的,理想主义的希望:后面:不是名字重要,而是事情(价值)重要.",他希望判断一个人不是根据名称而是根据这个人创造的价值来判断.故选B项.

点评 解答任务型阅读理解题,首先对原文材料迅速浏览,掌握全文的主旨大意.因为阅读理解题一般没有标题,所以,速读全文,抓住中心主旨很有必要,在速读的过程中,应尽可能多地捕获信息材料.其次,细读题材,各个击破.掌握全文的大意之后,细细阅读每篇材料后的问题,弄清每题要求后,带着问题,再回到原文中去寻找、捕获有关信息.最后,要善于抓住每段的主题句,阅读时,要有较强的针对性.对于捕获到的信息,要做认真分析,仔细推敲,理解透彻,只有这样,针对题目要求,才能做到稳、准.

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