Dog owners, who have noticed that their four – legged friend seems equally delighted to see them after five minutes away as five hours, may wonder if animals can tell how much time passes. Newly published research from The University of Western Ontario may bring us closer to answering that very question.
William Roberts and his colleagues found that rats are able to keep track of how much time has passed since they discovered a piece of cheese, be it a little or a lot ,but they don’t actually form memories of when the discovery occurred .That is ,the rats can’t place the memories in time.
The research team designed an experiment in which rats visited the ‘arms’ of a maze（迷宫） at different times of day. Some arms contained common desirable food, and one arm contained a highly desirable piece of cheese .Rats were later returned to the maze with the cheese removed on certain trials and replaced with something else.
All told ,three groups of rates were tested in the research using three varying cues （提示，暗示）: when , how long ago or when plus how long ago.
Only the cue of how long ago food was encountered（偶遇）was used successfully by the rats.
These results , the researchers say ,suggest that episodic（片段的）memory in rats is quite different from human episodic memory ,which involves exact memory of the point in past time when as event occurred.
“The rats remember whether they did something, such as stored food a few hours or five days ago,” explained Roberts. “The more time that has passed, the weaker the memory may be. Rats may learn to follow different courses of action using weak and strong memory traces as cues ,thus responding differently depending on how long ago an event occurred .However , they do not remember that the event occurred at a specific point in past time.”
“This research,” said Roberts, “supports the theory I introduced that animals are stuck in time, with no sense of time extending into the past or future.”
1．The research team found .
A．rat’s memory has no difference from human’s
B．rats can remember all the events in the past
C．animals are stuck in time with little idea of past or future
D．rats have sense of time extending into the past or future
2．Put into a maze ,rats can remember .
A．when they encounter the cheese
B．how long ago they encounter the cheese
C．where the cheese is
D．which “arms” they have been to
3．The test shows that .
A．the more time has passed ,the stronger the rats’ memory may be
B．rats can keep track of the time when the discovery occurred
C．the cue of how long ago the discovery occurred works well on rat’s memory
D．dog owners still can’t know if animals can tell how much time passes
4．Which column may this passage appear in a magazine?
A．Science. B．Health. C．Sports. D．Business.
5．From the passage ,we can know that .
A．episodic memory in rats is based on when not how long ago
B．humans can place the memories in time
C．human episodic memory is similar to rats’
D．only rats have no sense of time extending into past and future
科目：高中英语 来源： 题型：阅读理解
The city of Rome has passed a new to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs.
This comes after a national law was passed to give prison sentences to people who desert cats or dogs.
“The civilization of a city can be measured by this,” said Monica Carina, the councilor (议员) behind the new law.
“It’s good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence with their attention,” she told a Rome newspaper.
The newspaper reported that round bowls don’t give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go blind.
“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals who deserve(值得) over respect and compassion every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines (罚款) and prison sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules.
The northern city of Turin passed a law in April to give pet owners fines of up to ＄598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.
The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs’ tails to make them look lovelies. The law also gives legal recognition to the “cat ladies” who feed homeless cats. The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modern office car parks.
The new law passed in Rome will ________.
A. help improve fishing environment
B. guarantee better conditions for goldfish
C. stop people from catching goldfish
D. discourage keeping goldfish at home
The underlined word “compassion” in Paragraph 6 is the closest in meaning to ________.
A. pity B. praise C. support D. popularity
People may break the law in Turin if they ________.
A. keep their dogs or cats in cars
B. feed homeless animals in car parks
C. raise their cats near ancient ruins
D. shut their dogs home all day long
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010年高考英语试题分类汇编——科普类阅读理解 题型：阅读理解
Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.
Any owner will tall you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife. A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (紧张) levels and blood pressure in people - half of them pet owners –while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic (算术) or held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People with pets did it best. Those tested with their ani
mal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most quickly to baseline heart rates. With pets in the room, people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front of other companions. It seems people feel more relaxed (放松)around pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don't judge.
A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about I1 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didn't lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall-mostly with their dogs - and found it worth doing.
1．What does the text mainly discuss?
A．What pets bring to their owners.
B．How pets help people calm down.
C．People's opinions of keeping pets.
D．Pet's value in medical research.
2．We learn from the text that a person with heart disease has a better chance of getting well if
A．he has a pet companion
B．he has less stress of work
C．he often does mental arithmetic
D．he is taken care of by his family
3．According to Allen, why did the people do better with pets around when facing stressful tasks?
A．They have lower blood pressure.
B．They become more patient.
C．They are less nervous.
D．They are in higher spirits.
4．The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that
A．people with dogs did more exercise
B．dogs lost the same weight as people did
C．dogs liked exercise much more than people did
D．people without dogs found the program unhelpful
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科目：高中英语 来源：2014届四川射洪射洪中学高二下学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版） 题型：阅读理解
The city of Rome has passed a new law to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs,
"The civilization of a city can be measured by this," said Monica Cirinna, the councilor(议员 ) behind the new law.
"It's good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence with their attention," she told a Rome newspaper.
The newspaper reported that round bowls don't give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go blind.
"Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals who deserve our respect and compassion every bit as much as dogs and eats and other animals,” said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines (罚款) and prison sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules.
The northern city of Turin passed a law in April to give pet owners fines of up to $ 598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.
The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn't leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs' tails to make them look lovelier. The law also gives legal recognition to the "cat ladies" who feed homeless cats. The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modem office car parks.
1.The new law passed in Rome will .
A．help improve fishing environment
B．guarantee better conditions for goldfish
C．stop people from catching goldfish
D．discourage keeping goldfish at home
2.People in Rome believe that the civilization of a city can be judged by its .
A．exchanges with' other cities
B．protection for ancient ruins
C．awareness of animal protection
D．recognition of animal lovers
3.The underlined word" compassion" in Paragraph 5 is the closest in meaning to .
A．pity B．praise C．support D．popularity
4.People may break the law in Turin if they
A．keep their dogs or cats in cars
B．feed homeless animals in car parks
C．raise their cats near ancient ruins
D．shut their dogs home all day long
查看答案和解析>>
科目：高中英语 来源：2010-2011学年四川省成都市高三上学期九月诊断性考试英语卷 题型：阅读理解
Allan goes everywhere with Birgitta Anderson, a 54-year-old secretary. He moves around her office at work and goes shopping with her. ‘Most people don't seem to mind Allan,’ says Birgitta, who thinks he is wonderful. 'He's my fourth child,' she says. She may think of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health bills and his taxes, but in fact Allan is a dog. Birgitta and Allan live in Sweden, a country where everyone is expected to lead an orderly life according to rules laid down by the government, which also provides （提供）a high level of care for its people. This level of care costs money. People in Sweden pay taxes on everything, so aren't surprised to find that owning a dog means yet more taxes. Some people are paying as much as 500 Swedish kronor in taxes a year for the right to keep their dog, money that is spent by the government on dog hospitals and sometimes medical treatment for a dog that falls ill. However, most such treatment is expensive, so owners often decide to pay health and even life insurance （保险）for their dog. In Sweden dog owners must pay for any damage （损坏）their dog does. A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car you, as the owner, have to pay for any damage done to the car, even if your dog has been killed in the accident.
1. Birgitta pays taxes for Allan because .
A. he is her dog B. he is her child C. he follows her everywhere D. he often falls ill
2.The money paid as dog taxes is used to .
A. keep a high level of care for the people B. pay for damage done by dogs
C. provide medical care for dogs D. buy insurance for dog owners
3. If a dog causes a car accident and gets killed, who should pay for the damage done to the car?
A. The owner of the car. B. The owner of the dog.
C. The insurance company（公司）. D. The government.
4.From the text it can be inferred that in Sweden .
A. dogs are welcome in public places B. keeping dogs means asking for trouble
C. many car accidents are caused by dogs D. people care much about dogs
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科目：高中英语 来源：2010年高考英语试题分类汇编--科普类阅读理解 题型：阅读理解
Science can't explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.
Any owner will tall you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife. A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (紧张) levels and blood pressure in people - half of them pet owners –while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic (算术) or held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People with pets did it best. Those tested with their animal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most quickly to baseline heart rates. With pets in the room, people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front of other companions. It seems people feel more relaxed (放松)around pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don't judge.
A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about I1 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didn't lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall-mostly with their dogs - and found it worth doing.
1．What does the text mainly discuss?
A．What pets bring to their owners.
B．How pets help people calm down.
C．People's opinions of keeping pets.
D．Pet's value in medical research.
2．We learn from the text that a person with heart disease has a better chance of getting well if
A．he has a pet companion
B．he has less stress of work
C．he often does mental arithmetic
D．he is taken care of by his family
3．According to Allen, why did the people do better with pets around when facing stressful tasks?
A．They have lower blood pressure.
B．They become more patient.
C．They are less nervous.
D．They are in higher spirits.
4．The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that
A．people with dogs did more exercise
B．dogs lost the same weight as people did
C．dogs liked exercise much more than people did
D．people without dogs found the program unhelpful
查看答案和解析>>
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