Today, as in every other day of the year, more than 3,000 U.S. adolescents will smoke their first cigarette on their way to becoming regular smokers as adults. During their lifetime, it can be expected that of these 3,000 about 23 will be murdered, 30 will die in traffic accidents, and nearly 750 will be killed by a smoking-related disease. The number of deaths due to cigarette smoking outweighs all other factors, whether voluntary or involuntary, as a cause of death.

Since the late 1970s, when daily smoking among high school seniors reached 30 percent, smoking rates among youth have declined. While the decline is impressive, several important issues must be raised.

First, in the past several years, smoking rates among youth have declined very little. Second, in the late 1970s, smoking among male high school seniors beat that among female by nearly 10 percent . The statistic is reversing (完全相反的). Third, several recent studies have indicate high school dropouts have excessively high smoking rates, as much as 75 percent .

Finally, though significant declines in adolescent smoking have occurred in the past decade, no definite reasons for the decline exist. Within this context, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) began its current effort to determine the most effective measures to reduce smoking level among youth.

1.According to the author, the deaths among youth are mainly caused by _____.

A. traffic accidents B. smoking-related disease

C. murder D. all of these

2. Every day there are over _____ high school students who will become regular smoker.

A.75 B.23 C.30 D.3000

3.By "dropout" the author means ________

A. students who failed the examination

B. students who left school

C. students who lost their way

D. students who were driven out of school

4.The reason for declining adolescent smoking is that ________.

A. NCI has taken effective measures

B. smoking is prevented among high school seniors

C. there are many smokers who have died of cancer

D. none of these

5.What is implied by the author is that ________.

A. smoking rates among youth have declined very little

B. there are now more female than male smokers among high school seniors

C. high smoking rates are due to the increase in wealth

D. smoking at high school are from low socio-economic backgrounds

It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.

Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few possibilities of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.

The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.

Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary (多学科的) team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”

1.By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ________.

A. university researchers know little about the commercial world

B. there is little exchange between industry and academia

C. few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university

D. few university professors are willing to do industrial research

2.The word “deterrent” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ________.

A. keeps someone from taking action

B. helps to move the traffic

C. attracts people’s attention

D. brings someone a financial burden

3.What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?

A. Flexible work hours.

B. Her research interests.

C. Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.

D. Prospects of academic accomplishments.

4.Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.

A．do financially more rewarding work

B．raise his status in the academic world

C．enrich his experience in medical research

D．take advantage of better intellectual opportunities

5.What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?

A．Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market

B．Develop its students’ potential in research.

C．Help it to obtain financial support from industry.

D．Adapt its research to practical applications.

The predictability of our death rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota (定额) for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.

A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained strangely static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an interesting theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people naturally live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to get back to the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt offers. Other studies have shown that where a crossing is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises elsewhere along the same stretch of road as if making up for the drop. It appears, then, that we have an inborn need for danger. In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of paying attention to certain precautions such as eating the right foods, not smoking, and driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.

1.What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why __________.

A. the death rate can not be predicted

B.the death toll remained stable year after year

C.a quota for each type of death has not come into being

D.people lost their lives every year for this or that reason

2.In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards __________.

A.have helped solve the problem of so high death rate

B.have oddly accounted for death rates in the past century

C. have reduced death rates for violent and accidental deaths

D. have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths

3.According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from ___________.

A. our inborn desire for risk

B. our fast and reckless driving

C. our ignorance of seat belt benefits

D. our instinctive interest in speeding

4.By saying “statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt offers” (Para. 2), the author means __________.

A. wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view

B. deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing them

C. deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat belts

D. wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents

5.Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?

A. Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others

B. Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care

C. Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart

D. Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk

Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps onto someone, he feels obligated to apologize. But the size of a person’s “comfort zone” depends on his cultural ethnic origin. For example, in casual conversation, many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words, they like to keep each other “at arm’s length”, people in Latin or Arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.

When Americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expressions of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a “poker face”, whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn’t look you in the eye, American might say, you should question his motives—or assume that he doesn’t like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans still consider staring—especially at strangers—to be rude.

1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about __________.

A. classification of nonverbal communication

B. the reasons why people should think about space

C. the relationship between communication and space

D. some other cultural aspects of nonverbal communication

2. How far people keep to each other while talking is closely associated with their ______.

A. origin B. culture C. custom D. nationality

3.When an Italian talks to an Arabian on informal occasions, ______.

A. he stands about four feet away

B. "comfort zone" does not exist

C. keeping close enough is preferred

D. communication barriers may emerge

4.A "poker face" (Line 3, Para. 2) refers to a face which is ______.

A. attentive B. emotional

C. suspicious D. expressionless

5.In a conversation between friends, Americans regard it as sincere and truthful to ______.

A. maintain direct eye contact

B. hide emotions with a deadpan expression

C. display excitement or disgust, shock or sadness

D. raise their eyebrows, nod and smile politely

The next time you go into a bank, a store, or a supermarket, stop and listen. What do you hear? 1.

It’s similar to the music you listen to, but it’s not exactly the same. That’s because this music was especially designed to relax you, or to give you extra energy. Sometimes you don’t even realize the music is playing, but you react to the music anyway.

Quiet background music used to be called "elevator (电梯) music" because we often heard it in elevators. But lately we hear it in more and more places, and it has a new name "Muzak". About one-third of the people in America listen to "Muzak" everyday. The music plays for 15 minutes at a time, with short pauses in between. It is always more lively between ten and eleven in the morning, and between three and four in the afternoon, when people are more tired. 2.

If you listen to Muzak carefully, you will probably recognize the names of many of the songs. Some musicians or songwriters don’t want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? 3.

Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muzak in the background. 4. Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.

5. . They say it’s boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!

【注意】：若选择答案【E】请在答题卡上涂黑【A+B】若选择答案【F】则请涂黑【C+D】

A. Some people don’t like Muzak.

B. The music gives them extra energy.

C. Music is playing in the background.

D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.

E. They get as much as $4 million a year if their songs are used.

F. Muzak is played in most of the big supermarkets in the world.

下面短文中有【10】处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(^)，并在其【下面】写上该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在【该词下面】写上修改后的词。

注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．【只允许修改10处】，多者(从第11处起)不计分

After shopping, Mother and I went to a restaurant for lunch. I notice Mother looking at a nearby table

occupy by an elderly woman and young couple. They ate silently, and it was clearly that things were not

going well. As we left, Mother stopped on their table. "Excuse me," she said, put her arm around the

unhappy old woman. "You remind me so many of my mother. May I hug you?" The woman smiled happily

as she accepted to it. After we left, I said, "That was very nice of you, Mother. So I didn't think she looked

like Grandma." "Neither did me," said Mother cheerfully.

1.He told us an a________ story; it’s really interesting.

2.He finished the work a_________ of time.

3.Customs v_________ from country to country.

4.As is known to us all, the presence of water is f________________ to life on earth.

5.We have made great __________ (成就) since we carried out the policy of opening to the outside world.

6.The surface of the earth are divided into several _________(区域) which are called plates.

7.Children like ___________ (卡通画) very much.

8.Poets usually have great ____________. (想象力)

9.Pandora couldn’t help opening the box in time out of c____________.

10.The woman is buying a lot of new _____________ for her new apartment. (家具)

Fumbling with the buttons to find a good song while driving has been linked to increased risk of crashes, but is listening to music risky? “It depends on the music,” says a report published in the October issue of Accident Analysis & Prevention.

The study found teenage drivers who played their own music had significantly more traffic violations（违规） compared with background music designed by the researchers to minimize driving distractions, or no music.

Researchers at Ben-Gurion University in Israel recruited(招募) 85 drivers about 18 years old; just over half were male. The subjects were each assigned to drive six challenging road trips that were about 40 minutes long, accompanied by an experienced driving instructor. Music was played on four trips, two with selections from the drivers' playlists, mostly fast-paced vocals, and two with background music, which was a mixture of easy listening, soft rock and light jazz designed to increase driver safety. No music was played on two trips. Subjects rated their mood after each trip and in-car data recorders analyzed driver behavior and errors.

All 85 subjects committed at least three errors in one or more of the six trips; 27 received a warning and 17 required steering or braking by an instructor to prevent an accident. When the music was their own, 98% made errors; without the music, 92% made errors; and while listening to the safe-driving music, 77% made errors. Speeding, following too close, inappropriate lane use, one-handed driving and were the common violations.

The male subjects were more aggressive drivers and made more serious errors than female subjects. The teens played their own music at a very loud volume but significantly decreased the sound level when listening to the safe-driving music, researchers said. Mood ratings were highest on trips with driver-preferred music.

1.What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?

A. Many drivers played their favorite music while driving.

B. Drivers shouldn’t search for the buttons to find a good song.

C. Song selection has nothing to do with increased risk of crashes.

D. Listening to certain types of music can increase drivers’ errors.

2.What does the underlined word “ subjects” refer to in this passage?

A. Something being discussed. B. People being written about.

C. People being tested. D. Areas of knowledge or study.

3.In the research, soft rock and light jazz are likely to _______.

A. increase drivers’ safety

B. add to the pleasure of driving

C. change drivers’ idea of safe driving

D. lower drivers’ guard against danger

4.It can be inferred from the passage that in the research ______.

A. the teens committed the most errors

B. the male were more skillful in driving

C. traveling with no music made the least errors

D. driver-preferred music increased the mood ratings

You may not be aware, but digital currency (货币) is a big part of the Internet world. QQ Coins can buy you accessories (配饰) for your QQ images. More importantly, a new digital currency, Bitcoin, is bringing the world’s commerce online.

If you’re traveling, you can spend Bitcoins at restaurants and hotels listed at BitcoinTravel.com. In China, Bitcoins can be used to buy goods at about 134 online shops on Taobao. And at a café named 2nd Place in Beijing, you can even buy fresh coffee with Bitcoins.

So what makes Bitcoin so attractive to investors?

First of all, the Bitcoin system is not controlled by anyone. One central authority cannot make policies to change the value of Bitcoins. The fixed amount of Bitcoins also means they cannot lose value through inflation(通货膨胀), as all forms of paper money have done over time.

In addition, accounts in the Bitcoin system are anonymous and transparent. Users can set up an account easily and track every Bitcoin. All of these features seem to make Bitcoins immune(有免疫力的) from loss, but that is not entirely true.

“The value of Bitcoins can vary wildly as no central government makes the price of them steady. If the value drops suddenly, investors cannot get any compensation(赔偿),” Zhao Qingming, a senior researcher at China Construction Bank, told China Economic Weekly. And Bitcoins, unlike company shares, are not backed by any tangible funds, which also adds to their risk.

While China will not recognize the digital currency anytime soon, Xinhua said, lawmakers and officials at a hearing on Nov. 18 in the US made positive comments about Bitcoin.

Ben Bernanke, outgoing chairman of the Federal Reserve, told the Washington Post that “these types of creations, such as Bitcoin… may hold long-term promise, particularly if its system promote a faster, more secure and more efficient payment system.”

1.Bitcoin is ______.

A. actually exactly like QQ Coins

B. only used online

C. a new currency used both online and in real life

D a country’s new digital currency.

2.We can use Bitcoin to buy the following things except ______.

A. online goods B. goods at 134 online shops on Taobao

C. books in physical shops D. coffee at a café named 2nd Place

3.What is the disadvantage of Bitcoin?

A. the value of it can rise and fall wildly.

B. It cannot lose value through inflation.

C. Every bitcoin in your account can be followed.

D. It can even be used at some specific restaurants and hotels.

On a cool November afternoon in Fleming Island, Florida, Melissa Hawkinson, 41, was driving her five-year-old twins home from school when she saw a sudden splash in Doctors Lake just ahead. What was that? She thought. As she drove up to the scene, she saw a half-submerged car sinking about 30 yards offshore. “It was going down pretty quickly,” Hawkinson recalls. She stopped the car near the boat ramp and ran toward the water. Water is going to be cold, she thought.

She took off her vest and leather boots, got into the icy water, and swam to the car, where she found Cameron Dorsey, five, trapped into his car as the swirling water rose around him.

Hawkinson tried to open the door, but it was locked. So she pushed and pulled hard on the partially open window until she could reach through and unlock the door. She pulled the boy free, swam to shore, and handed him off to onlookers who were only watching them on a dock. The driver, the boy’s suicidal father, swam back to land on his own. Afterward, Hawkinson sat on the shore wrapped in a blanket. “For ten or 15 minutes, I couldn’t stop shaking,” she said.

There’s nothing visibly extraordinary about Melissa Hawkinson, an energetic stay-at-home mom with brown hair and a sweet smile. Yet something made her different from the dockside onlookers that day. Why do some people act quickly, willing to take a risk for a stranger? What makes them run toward danger rather than away from it? Hawkinson, the Granite Mountain Hotshots (能手，高手)---19 of whom lost their life this past summer in Arizona--- every hero who puts his or her life on the line to save another: what makes them brave?

Moreover, can bravery be learned, or is it a quality with which you are born? The answer is complex. Bravery taps the mind, brain and heart. It comes from instinct, training and sympathy. Today, neurologists, psychologists and other researchers are studying bravery, trying to uncover the mystery.

1.It can be learned from the passage that _______.

A. Melissa Hawkinson was a 41-year-old nurse

B. it was spring when the accident happened

C. Melissa Hawkinson was picking up her five-year-old son

D. Melissa Hawkinson was kind and courageous.

2.What conclusion can we draw from the third paragraph?

A. Not everyone was ready to risk saving the five-year-old boy..

B. The father committed suicide because of the divorce.

C. The father was saved in the end by Melissa Hawkinson.

D. No one else was available except Melissa Hawkinson.

3.How does the writer find other people on the dockside?

A. Warm and ready to help B. Thoughtful

C. Kind of cold-blooded D. Not skillful at swimming

4.What is the writer’s purpose of writing this passage?

A. To set us thinking what makes people brave.

B. To call on us to learn from such people as Hawkinson.

C. To remind people of risk while saving others.

D. To show people bravery can be learned.