My grandpa has been enjoying good health ever since he _______ smoking.

A． stops B． stopped

C． has stopped D． had stopped

Don’t be afraid of failure．It is just _______ stepping stone to greatness.

A． other B． another

C． every D． each

—The screen of your phone is big.

—I like big screens．I _______ type fast on it.

A． must B． should

C． can D． might

What a difficult test! Fortunately I worked hard, otherwise I _______.

A． failed B． would have failed

C． had failed D． would fail

Showrooming

One of the biggest challenges facing brick-and-mortar retailers(实体零售店) in recent years has been the “showrooming”．Driven by the desire to get the best prices, many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them, only to leave and then buy the items online．The new trend is forcing retailers to find out new ways to keep consumers from leaving their store for cheaper prices online.

Recent research found that 40 percent of U.S．shoppers have showroomed previously, with big-box retailers suffering the most．Specifically, the study shows that Best Buy, Walmart and Target are the most likely brick-and-mortar stores to have shoppers test out a product in-store and then purchase it online later, while Amazon is benefiting most from the practice, with nearly 60 percent of shoppers using the online retail giant(巨人) most often to make their showrooming purchases.

Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front．Shoppers no longer have to wait until they get home to see if they can find a cheaper price for the products they’re considering buying．With smartphones, consumers can now compare virtual prices, at both other brick-and-mortar stores and online ones while still inside a retail store．If they can find what they’re seeking for less online, the majority will be seeking the first exit．A recent study showed that 45 percent of customers shopping at brick-and-mortar stores walk out and buy their purchase online for a discount of as little as 2.5 percent．

This puts pressure on retailers to provide both an in-store experience worth staying for and an online presence that can attract shoppers who are showrooming in other businesses.

To cut down on showrooming, many retailers are adopting new methods to keep shoppers in their stores．Among the steps they’re taking are price-matching guarantees that allow shoppers to pay a discounted price if they find it cheaper online．This ensures that even a showrooming shopper can make the purchase in the store—regardless of whether they find the cheaper price online.

Another popular method to fight against showrooming is to give shoppers the ability to buy something online and pick it up at the store．This reduces shipping costs and gets customers in the store, where they may be encouraged to make an additional purchase．

It is also important for businesses to take into consideration what makes shoppers purchase something in-store rather than online, and meet those needs．Research has found that more than 8 in 10 Americans consider being able to take the goods home immediately and the ability to touch and feel them—the most important aspects when deciding to purchase in a store rather than online.

1.According to the passage, a showrooming shopper tends to ______.

A． pay for everything online

B． have better bargaining skills

C． rush to buy things in a store

D． purchase online for a lower price

2.What contributes to the growing popularity of showrooming?

A． The wide use of smartphones．

B． The competition between big stores.

C． The advertisement by online retail giants.

D． The decline of the brick-and-mortar stores.

3.The underlined words “seeking the first exit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean ______.

A． searching for lower prices

B． leaving as soon as possible

C． locating the first exit quickly

D． making a purchase on the spot

4.The last three paragraphs mainly talk about ways of ______.

A． increasing sales at stores

B． preventing purchase online

C． satisfying customers’ needs

D． advising shoppers to buy more

作为交换项目的一部分，学校将于本周五下午两点组织美国交换生到红星小学进行志愿者活动。假设你是校学生会主席，请向他们口头通知此事，内容包括：

1.集合时间、地点；

2.活动内容（介绍美国文化、教英文歌等）；

3.活动意义。

注意：

1.词数不少于50；

2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

May I have your attention, please?

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That’s all．Thank you．

Directions：Read the passage carefully．Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
Financial setbacks in the form of pay cuts are having a trickle-down effect(涓滴效应) as the depression persists．Families across America are cutting or even axing kids’ allowances(零花钱) to reflect what’s going on with household finances and the economy as a whole.
Some jobless parents are doing it out of necessity．Other parents are using allowance adjustments to teach children about economic realities and how to budget in learner times.
‘Try to use relevant news to explain the reasons behind the depression and how it’s hitting home．If they see it obvious in their own allowance, they’ll feel the impact and see how it all ties in,’ says financial consultant Antwone Harris.
Any reduction in allowance should be understood in age-appropriate communication, says Dr．Tony Meyer, a child psychiatrist(精神科医生) and medical director of Aurora Psychiatric Hospital．Six- to 12-year-olds are mature enough for a frank talk, but don’t set them back with a lot of details．It’s sufficient to say their allowance is lower because Mom or Dad is getting paid less at work, so there’s less money for the family to spend．With 12- to 18-year-olds, you can broaden the discussion to include the banking crisis and other factors that contributed to the depression, Meyer says．Younger kids have the idea that they’re at the center of things, and adolescents by mature are especially self-concerned．‘They’ll think they’re responsible,’ Meyer says.
A cut in allowance might seem punishing, so the message that the child is not at fault needs to come across．Depending on the child’s age, ‘You can also ask them to bring some income by working a job or helping more around the house so Mom or Dad can work more,’ he says．Kids can also contribute by means of taking over landscaping services previously done by a paid professional．‘You’ll pay lower rates, and the money stays in the family,’ financial consultant Antwone Harris remarks．Meyer also suggests implementing a stimulant program to cut household expenses．Anyone who comes up with a cost-cutting idea get 10 percent of the savings.
That way, they’ll come to understand that a paycheck only goes so far, and decisions and sacrifices are part of responsible money management.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)
1.___________ is American families’ response to the financial depression.
2.What are both jobless and other parents using allowance adjustments to teach their children about?
3.When communicating with 12-to 18-year-olds about reduction in allowance, parents can broaden the discussion through ________.
4.Besides ‘working a job or helping more around the house’, what are the other two suggestions put forward by Meyer to bring some income to kids?

Directions：Read the following three passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

Friends and fellow citizens：I stand before you tonight under accusation of the unproven crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote．It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution(宪法), beyond the power of any state to deny.
Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member to a voice and a vote in making and executing the laws．We declare the duty of government to be to secure the people in the enjoyment of their unchallengeable right．We throw to the winds the belief that government can give right.
‘All men are created equal, and gifted by their Creator with certain undeniable rights．Among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness．To secure these, governments are established among men, gaining their just powers from the agreement of the governed.’
Here is no shadow of government authority over rights, or exclusion of any class from their full and equal enjoyment．Here is pronounced the right of all men, and ‘therefore,’ as the Quaker minister said, ‘of all women,’ to a voice in the government．And here, in this first paragraph of the Declaration, is the declaration of the natural right of all to the vote; for how can ‘the agreement of the governed’ be given, if the right to vote be denied?
The introduction of the Federal(联邦的) Constitution says: ‘We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic peacefulness, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity(子嗣), do establish this Constitution for the United States of America.’
It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; not we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union．And we formed it, not to give the blessings of liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people - women as well as men．And it is absolute ridicule to talk to women of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government - the vote.
1.The speaker was standing in front of the audience to ________.
A． accuse the government of having denied treating her unfairly
B． fight for the legal right to vote in the United States as a woman
C． share a recent victory on voting for the president of the States
D． guarantee that they could better understand the National Constitution
2.The expression ‘throw to the winds’ (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ‘________’.
A． abandon
B． emphasize
C． shake
D． spread
3.Which of the following statements is true according to the speech?
A． The Quaker minister holds conflicting opinions on women’s right to vote．
B． Government authority has the right to bar some of the governed out of liberty.
C． The policy is undeniably adopted that all the governed in America have the equal rights．
D． There’s no way to the real agreement of the governed if women’s vote right is robbed.
4.It can be inferred from the speech that ________.
A． it’s more important to have liberty than have good wishes of it
B． the Federal Constitution comes from the National Constitution
C． it’s ridiculous that women enjoy liberty while their rights are not secured
D． racial and gender issues are among the major social problems of the USA
5.Which of the following might be the best title of the speech?
A． For the Sake of Liberty and Happiness
B． Vote on the Women’s Rights
C． In the Name of Equal Right to vote
D． Power of American Constitution

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
一家服装店的橱窗外,两只狐狸在对话：
——爸爸快看,妈妈在对我笑呐！
——走吧儿子,有人过来了。
请简要描述这幅图片,并就其传达的信息和意义谈谈你的看法。

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In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business ．But he was not a good artist ．So he invented a very simple camera ．He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden ．That was the first photo．

The next important date in the history of photography (摄影术) was in 1837．That year, Daguere, another Frenchman ,took a picture of his reading room ．He used a new kind of camera in a different way． In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing． This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype．

Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way． Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world ．people took pictures of famous buildings, cities and mountains．

In about 1840, photography was developed ．Then photographers could take picture of people and moving things ．That was not simple ．The photographers had to carry a lot of films and other machines． But this did not stop them ,for example, some in the United States worked so hard．

Mathew Brady was a famous American photographer． He took many pictures of great people ．The picture were unusual because they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的)

Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century ．Some photos were not just copies of the real world ．They showed feelings, like other kinds of art．

1.The first photo taken by Niepce was a picture of ____________

A． his business

B． his house

C． his garden

D． his window

2.The Daguerrotype was____________．

A． a Frenchman

B． a photographer

C． a kind of camera

D． a kind of picture

3.If a photographer wanted to take pictures of moving things in the year of 1840, he had to_________．

A． watch lots of films

B． buy an expensive camera

C． stop in most cities

D． take many films and something else with him