Play is the basic business of childhood,and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being．From earliest infancy（婴儿）,every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play,and the main tools of play are toys．The main function of toys is to suggest,encourage and play．To succeed in this,they must be good toys,which children will play with often,and will come back to again and again．Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child's development．

　　In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach,within the range of his inherited（遗传的）abilities,is largely determined in the first three years of his life．

So a baby's ability to benefit from the right play materials should not be underestimated．A baby who is encouraged,talked to and shown things and played with,has the best chance of growing up successfully．

　　In the next stage,from three to five years old,curiosity knows no bounds．Every type of suitable toys should be made available to the child,for trying out,experimenting and learning,for discovering his own particular ability:Bricks and jigsaws（七巧板）and construction toys;painting,scribbling（涂鸦）and making things;sand and water play;toys for imaginative and pretending play — the first social games for learning to play and get on with others．

　　But at the third stage of play development — from five to seven or eight years old — the child is at school．But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning,at home or at school．It is easier to see which type of toys the child most enjoys．

　　Until the age of seven or eight,play and work mean much the same to a child．But once reading has been mastered,then books become the main source of learning．Toys are still interesting and valuable,which lead up to new hobbies,but their significance has changed — to a child of nine or ten years old,toys and games mean,as to adults,relaxation and fun．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　Shopping is not as simple as you may think!There are all sorts of tricks at play each time we reach out for that particular brand（品牌）of product on the shelf．

　　Colouring,for example,varies according to what the producers are trying to sell．Health foods are packaged（包装）in greens,yellows or browns because we think of these as healthy colours．Ice cream packets are often blue and expensive goods,like chocolates,are gold or silver．

　　When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently,researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective．Eventually,it came on the market in a dark blue and white package— blue because we think of it as safe,and white as calm．

　　The size of a product can attract a shopper．But quite often a bottle doesn't contain as much as it appears to．

　　It is believed that the better-known companies spend,on average,70 per cent of the total cost of the product itself on packaging!

　　The most successful producers know that it's not enough to have a good product．The founder of Pears soap,who for 25 years has used pretty little girls to promote（推销）their goods,came to the conclusion:“Any foot can make soap,but it takes a genius（天才）to sell it．”

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　If the world were a village of 1000 people it would include:

　　·584 Asians

　　·124 Africans

　　·95 Eastern and Western Europeans

　　·84 Latin Americans

　　·55 former Soviets(including Lithuanians,Latvians,Estonians,and other national groups)

　　·52 North Americans

　　·6 Australians and New Zealanders

　　The people of the village would speak:

　　·165 Mandarin

　　·86 English

　　·83 Hindu/Urdu

　　·64 Spanish

　　·58 Russian

　　·37 Arabic

　　The above list covers the mother tongues of only half the village．

　　One-third of the people in the village are children,and only 60 are over the age of 65．Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipments．

　　This year 28 babies will be born．Ten people will die,3 of them for lack of food,lfrom cancer．Two of the deaths will be of babies born within the year．With the 28 births and 10 deaths,the population of the village next year will be 1018．

　　In this village of 1000 persons,200 people receive 75 percent of the income;another 200 receive only 2 percent of the income．

　　About one-third have access to clean,safe drinking water．

　　Of the 670 adults in the village,half can not read nor write．

　　The village has a total yearly budget（预算）,public and private,of over $ 3 million— $ 3000 per person if it is distributed evenly．Of the total $ 3 million:

　　$ 181000 goes to weapons and warfare

　　$ 159000 to education

　　$ 132000 to health care

　　These weapons are under the control of just 100 of the people．The other 900 are watching them with deep anxiety,wondering whether they can learn to get along together．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　HOLIDAYS

　　The Bay Hotel．It's a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking（俯瞰）the bay in an uncom mercialised Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．If pop music is no longer your strong point,and you are considering a relaxing holiday where the scenery is breathtaking and the sound of the sea is live music to your ears,come and stay with us．For adults only．Sssh!Don't tell everyone!01326 280464

　　Willapark Manor Hotel．Peaceful situation in 14 acres of separated gardens and woodland,overlooking picturesque bay．Close to coastal path and beach．Excellent cuisine．Our excellent service brings our guests back year after year．Chidren(reducti

-ons)and pets welcome．01840 770782

　　The Country Garden Hotel．Delightful hotel set in lovely gardents;calm Island of Wight near Tennyson Downs,Great food!Garden,sea view and ground floor rooms．Please call for brochure（服务指南）and sample menu．Adults only and pets welcome．0800 980 1943

　　Boscastle．Romantic 17th Century farmer's cottage in countryside with splendid coastal views．Well equipped．Sleeps 5．Regret no pets/smoking．Garden with furniture．Brochure:01633 450417 Godshill．4 star self-served units．Nonsmoking．

Sleeps 2～4．Open all year．Good walks．Close to pubs．Peaceful．Cosy．No pets．Brochure：01983840371

　　The Blakeney Hotel．Overlooking harbour,traditional privately owned friendly hotel with 60 bedrooms,lift,heated indoor pool,spa bath and saunas．Relax,walk,sail,play golf,explore the Norfolk villages,countryside and coast．Special seasonal midweek price for aged citizens．01263 740797

　　S W France．Rural setting near Cordes．Two beautifully repainted old houses,sleep 4/5 and 6．Gardens,woodland,pool,views,excellent walks．Available all year round．Outstanding．01962 776967．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　In 1837,the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word“queue”（排队）．He spoke of the French and their “habit of standing in a queue”．Forty years later Pairs was the best place to wait in line．

　　However,queuing became popular in Britain too．The Second World War was the golden age of queuing,and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy．This was the source of many Second World War jokes:Shopkeeper to customer:Excuse me,miss,are you pregnant（怀孕）?Customer:Well,I wash't when I joined the queue．

　　Today,according to research in America,we(in Britain)can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing — as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost．But things may be changing．Many people no longer have the patience to stand in a queue．The law of the jungle（丛林）has begun to operate at bus stops,with people using their arms to push others out of the way．

　　One way to make life easier is to introduce“queue management”．Customers at supermarket cheese counters can now take a ticket with a number which appears on a screen when it is their turn．And while they wait for their number,they can do a bit of shopping．

　　In some booking．offices there is also a system telling customers how long they may have to wait before they are served．

　　One of the latest technical progress is the use of an electronic scanner（电子识别器）which can read all the contents of your shopping basket or trolley in just a few seconds．If these become popular,queuing in supermarkets may become a thing of the past．

　　But some people just like queuing．One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale,and then returned home for breakfast at nine o'clock the next morning without going into the shop．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave?Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh．“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said．

　　Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity．Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean．“The wind starts out by making little ripples（涟漪）,but if they keep on blowing,those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,”Taylor said．“Waves are one of nature's ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey．”

　　When waves come toward the shore,people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine（涡轮机）．The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity．

　　“The resource is huge,”said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute．“We will never run out of wave power．Besides,wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources,such as oil or coal．Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth's surface— that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world,though there are some weak points yet to overcome．

　　Swain said that wave power still costs too much money．She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown．What is more,wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic．

　　Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out．“Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers,drive our cars,and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world,”Swain said．In the future when you turn on a light,an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power,commands respect and,most important,encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C,leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be care fully cultivated．

　　Different from popular belief,most good leaders are made,not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop?How do they(and how can you)get others to follow?

　　Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity（慷慨）that's never forgotten．

　　Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism（批评）,which often hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard,the author of The One-Minute Manager,agrees．“Catch people doing something right!”he says．Then tell everyone about it．

　　Take in formed risks．“The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thought less exercise,”says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz．“Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes（降落伞）beforehand．”

　　Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure,many of us usually wait for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader,you must learn to fail — and not die a thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again．

　　Encourage enthusiasm．（热情）When people understand the importance of work,they lend their mental strengths,”says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work,all their energy gets poured into the job．That's great force!Is this the best way to create excitement?Be enthusiastic yourself— You will be followed by everyone．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　We have two daughters:Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four．Last Sunday evening,we invited some people home for dinner．I dressed them nicely for the party,and told them that their job was to join Mommy in answering the door when the bell rang．Mommy would introduce them to the guests,and then they would take the guests' coats upstairs and put them on the bed in the second bedroom．

　　The guests arrived．I introduced my two daughters to each of them．The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids．

　　Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly,the younger one,admiring her dress,her hair and her smile．They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age．

　　I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big“to do”over the younger one because she's the one who seems more easily hurt．We do it with the best of intentions．

　　But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child．I was a little worried that Kristen would feel she was being outshined．I was about to serve dinner when I realized that she had been missing for twenty minutes．I ran upstairs and found her in the bedroom,crying．

　　I said,“What are you doing,my dear?”

　　She turned to me with a sad expression and said,“Mommy,why don't people like me the way they like my sister?Is it because I'm not pretty?Is that why they don't say nice things about me as much?”

　　I tried to explain to her,kissing and hugging her to make her feel better．

　　Now,whenever I visit a friend's home,I make it a point to speak to the elder child first．

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　　A new plan for getting children to and from school is being started by a local government in Eastern England．This could end the worries of many parents fearful for their children's safety on the roads．

　　Until now the local government have only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school,or sometimes less if special reasons existed．Now it has been decided that if a group of parents ask for help in organizing transport they will he prepared to go ahead,as long as the arrangement will not lose money and children taking part will be attending their nearest school．

　　The new plan is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington School．The children live just without the three-mile limit and the local government have said in the past that they will not undertake to provide free transport to the school．But now they have agreed to offer a sum of money for a bus service from Milton to Impington and back,a plan which has the support of the school's headmaster．

　　Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part．Final calculations have still to be carried out,but a government official has said the cost to parents should be less than ￡ 20 a term．

　　They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington．The same bus would now just make one more journey to pick up the Milton children．The official said they would get in touch with other groups of parents who in the past had asked if transport could be provided for their children,to see if they would like to take part in the new plan．

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　　Sometime today — perhaps several times — Dick Winter will think about the 19-year-old who saved his life．

　　Because of this young man,Winter enjoys things like friendships,colours and laughter every day．

　　The young man saved Winter's life by signing an organ donor card（器官捐献卡）．

　　“I can't say thank you enough,”Winter said yesterday at a news conference marking the tenth anniversary of the Multi Organ Transplant program at Toronto General Hospital．

　　What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honour his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation．

　　His liver（肝脏）went to Winter,who was dying from liver trouble．“Not a day goes by that I don't think of what a painful thing it must have been for them,”Winter said yesterday．

　　“They are very,very special people．”

　　Winter,63,is fitter now than he was 10 years ago,when he got the transplant．He has five medals from the 1995 World Transplant Games in swimming and hopes to collect some more next year in Japan．

　　“At one time,we were probably strange people in the eyes of other people．Now it's expected you should be able to go back and do everything you did before,only better．”

　　The biggest change for Winter,however,isn't that he has become a competitive athlete．The biggest change is how deeply he appreciates every little thing about his life now．

　　“I have no time for arguments,”said Winter．

　　“You change everything．Material things don't mean as much．Friendships mean a lot．”

　　Also at yesterday's news conference was Dr Gray Levy,Winter's doctor．

　　Levy said he has bitter-sweet feelings when he looks at Winter and hears of his athletic exploits．

　　Levy knows that for every recipient（接受者）like Winter,there are several others who die even though they could be saved because there aren't enough donated organs．

　　“For every Mr Winter,we have five to ten people that will never be given the chance that Mr Winter was given,”Levy said．

　　Levy said greater public awareness and more resources are needed．He noted that in Spain and the United States,hospitals receive $ 10,000 per donor to cover the costs of the operating room,doctors,nurses and teams to work with the donors' families．

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