On the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the group, no feeling of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.

Standards and rules must be established that maintain order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines mutually agreeable to students, teachers, and administration, the classroom can become chaotic. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without input from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in running the class environment, finding ways to break rules.

No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and establishing a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance is necessary. Conflicts arise (出现). The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes outside pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, 'or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to restore (恢复) a positive environment by helping students cope with conflict, change, and stress.

　　 1. This article is written mainly for the purpose of——.

　　　　  A. providing information for teaching

　　　　  B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom

　　　　  C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'

　　 D. teaching and organizing class

　　 2. The teacher, to some extent, is a leader because——.

　　　　  A. he is responsible for a well-organized class and a good learning environment

　　　　  B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader deals with people

　　　　  C. he should develop harmony among students

　　　　  D. he has to maintain order and give instruction and evaluation

　　 3. The teacher should do more than teach. It is his responsibility to——.

　　　　  A. create an organizational structure and a positive learning structure

　　　　  B. establish standards and roles students should follow

　　　　  C. help students deal with conflict, change, and stress

　　　　  D. all of the above

　　 4. The following statements are true of the standards and rules to be established except——.

　　　　  A. the standards and rules should maintain order

　　　　  B. the standards and rules should not violate school policy

　　　　  C. the standards and rules are accepted only by the teachers and administration

　　　　  D. the standards and rules should ensure justice and protect students' individual rights

Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.

To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.

　　 1. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?

　　　　  A. To make jobs more varied.

　　　　  B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.

　　　　  C. Degree of work contribution.

　　　　  D. Demands for longer working hours.

　　 2. Why do workers want more money?

　　　　  A. Because their jobs are too boring.

　　　　  B. In order to enjoy more spare time.

　　　　  C. To make their jobs more interesting.

　　　　  D. To demand shorter working hours.

　　 3. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting——.

　　　　  A. they will want more money

　　　　  B. they will demand shorter working hours

　　　　  C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors

　　　　  D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them

　　 4. In this passage, the author tells us——.

　　　　  A. how to make the workers more productive

　　　　  B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency

　　　　  C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity

　　　　  D. how to make workers' jobs more interesting

The answers to these questions are plentiful, but the main reason is simple. It's easy to “fall” in love but very few people know how to stay in love. Even though staying in love is our “smartest” choice all the way around! Recent studies on marriage prove it's one of the major ingredients in life-frog success for men and women. Marriage has also been found to boost happiness, reduce the degree of depression, and provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases.

So let's wake up, make up, and turn this trend around! One of the most amazing pieces of evidence that shows people are not in touch with what's really going on in their partnerships is the fact that the majority of people who put in for divorce say they didn't think there was a relationship-threatening problem just six months prior to breaking up. Another shocker is that most couples wait six years or more to seek professional help when their relationship is in danger. By the time they do wake up and smell the coffee, it's often too late.

Truly there is no reason to resign yourself to a bad relationship? Whether you're dating or married. Rather than changing partners and ending up this same predicament(困境) again, you can learn to have a fabulous (难以置信的) relationship with the partner you already have! I strongly encourage you to make the relationship you have work, because there is a higher rate of divorce in second marriages.

　　  1. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?

　　　　 A. A happy marriage can be beneficial for both partners' mentality.

　　　　 B. More and more people face marriage crisis.

　　　　 C. Large portions of people are not quite sure of the meaning of true love.

　　　　  D. More and more people tend to be single.

　　  2. The fundamental reason for marriage crisis is——.

　　　　   A. that people are too easy to fall in love without a comprehensive understanding

　　　　   B. that people do not know how to get along well with partners after marriage

　　　　   C. some kinds of economic pressure and stress

　　　　   D. to maintain a life-long love is too difficult for common people

　　  3. What does the author mean by saying “...smell the coffee, it's often too late” in Para. 3？

　　　　   A. Partners who like drinking coffee are more likely to experience divorce.

　　　　   B. People are always not aware of enough about marriage crisis.

　　　　   C. Partners should have a happy ending of marriage when facing crisis.

　　　　   D. People should value their marriage.

　　  4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author may be a (an)

　　　　   A. journalist　　　　　　   B. professor

　　　　   C. advisor　　　　　　　　 D. official

Diana Nichols is an expert in helping people free from stage fright at a medical center in New York City. She helps actors learn to control themselves. Miss Nichols says some people have always been afraid to perform before the audience. Others, she says, develop stage fright after a fearful experience.

She offers them ways to control the fear. One way is to smile before going onto the stage. Taking two deep breaths also helps. Deep breathing helps you get control of your body.

Miss Nichols persuades her patients to tell themselves that their speech or performance does not have to be perfect. It's all right to make a mistake. She tells them they should not be too cautious while they are performing. It is important that they should continue to perform while she is helping them. After each performance, they discuss what happened and find out what advice helped and what did not. As they perform more and more, they will fear less and less as much as 50%. Miss Nichols says the aim is only to reduce stage fright, not to eliminate it completely. This is because a little stage fright makes a person more cautious, and improves the performance.

　　 1. Miss Nichols is

　　　　 A. a teacher whose students can be free from stage fright

　　　　 B. an expert who helps people get rid of stage fright

　　　　 C. a teacher who helps people out when they’re suffering from stage fright

　　　　 D. a woman who never suffers from stage fright

　　 2. The underlined word “eliminate” in the last paragraph means——.

　　　　 A. keep　　　　  B. reduce　　　　   C. change　　　　  D. get rid of

　　 3. The wrong way to overcome stage fright is

　　　　 A. to smile before going to the stage

　　　　 B. to take two deep breaths to calm oneself

　　　　 C. to pay less attention to one's mistakes in performance

　　　　 D. to perform less and to watch more

　　 4. Which of the following statements is right?

　　　　 A. We can get rid of stage fright completely.

   　　  B. We can reduce stage fright as much as one third.

　　　　 C. A little stage fright can make actors perform better.

 D. A little stage fright leads to complete failure.

Teaching was the first profession open to women soon after 1800. But even that was not an easy profession for women to enter because most schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin Colleges in Ohio was the first college in America to accept women.

Hospital nursing became respectable work for women only after Nightingale became famous. Seeing that she was not only a nurse but also a rich and well-educated woman, people began to believe it was possible for women to nurse the sick and still be “ladies”. Miss Nightingale opened England's first school for nurses in 1860.

The invention of the typewriter in 1867 helped to bring women out of the home and into the business world. By 1900, thousands of women were working at real jobs in schools, hospitals, and offices, in both England and America. Some women even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea that women could work in the business world had been accepted.

　　 1. Why couldn't women become teachers easily?

　　    A. Because the first profession to them was writing.

　　    B. Because most schools and colleges were open only to men.

　　    C. Because they wanted to be nurses instead.

　　    D. Because they had to work in the business world.

　　 2. Which of the following is TRUE?

　　　　 A. The first typewriter was invented 1970's.

　　　　 B. All nurses are rich and well-known women.

　　　　 C. People's ideas about women's work have changed.

　　　　 D.  Most women in America are doctors or lawyers.

　　 3. The passage is mainly about——.

　　　　 A. women in the business world　　 B. the famous women in the business world

　　　　 C. schools and colleges in America　　   D. rights for American women

　　 4. We can infer from the passage that——.

　　　　 A. a man can't type

　　　　 B. the first college that accepted women was Oberlin College in Ohio

　　　　 C. Bronte sisters had pennames when they began writing their novels

　　　　 D. a woman can do all kinds of work better than a man

When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.

There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.

　　  1. Generally speaking, those companies involved in new production and long-term project must——.

　　　　  A. borrow large sum of money from friends and people they know

　　　　  B. depend on the population as a whole for finance

　　　　  C. ask the banks to lend them the money

　　　　  D. rely on their own financial resources

　　 2. When the savers want their money back they_

　　　　  A. go to the company with whom they originally placed their money and sell their shares

　　　　  B. ask another company to obtain their shares

　　　　  C. put their shares back on the market

　　　　  D. sell their shares to some' other savers directly

　　 3. According to the passage, if a government needs money for capital construction, it——

　　　　  A. always depends on bank loans

　　　　  B. usually asks the public at large to pay taxes

　　　　  C. also regards The Stock Exchange as the finance resources

　　　　  D. generally borrows money from individuals and institutions both at home and abroad

　　 4. The Stock Exchange exists——.

　　　　  A. to provide for any needy companies

　　　　  B. to raise money for governments only

　　　　  C. because it is useful to new development

　　　　  D. because the people are rich and have much savings

I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.

I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place.

There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reasons, I decided it was up to me to push the display back together, and went to work.

The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the wrongdoer. He severely punished me and warned me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.

　　  1. Who was to blame for knocking off the stacks of cartons?

　　   　　A. The author.　　　　　　 B. The manager.

　　　　   C. A woman.　　　　　　  D. The author's mother.

　　  2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　　　   A. The woman who knocked off the stacks of cartons was seriously criticized by the manager.

　　　　   B. The author was severely criticized by the manager.

　　　　   C. A woman carelessly knocked off the stacks of cartons.

　　　　  D. It was the author who put the display back together.

　　 3. Which of the following can serve as the best title of the passage?

　　　　  A. It's Harder to Admit One's Mistake.

　　　　  B. I Was Once the Wrongdoer.

　　　　  C. I Remember an Incident.

　　　　  D. A Case of Mistaken Identity.

　　 4. The tone of the article expresses the author's——.

   　　   A. admiration for the manager’s willingness to admit mistake

　　　　  B. anger to the manager for his wrong accusation

　　　　  C. indignation against the woman who knocked off the stacks of cartons

　　　　  D. regret for the mistake he made in the store

Unlike with many other forms of consumption, there are limits to the physical quantity of food that people can consume. In a number of high-income countries, that limit seems to have been reached already. If global population does double by 2050, as many have predicted, providing everyone with a rich and varied diet would only require a tripling (三倍) of food production. Alternatively, with sufficient improvements in efficiency and adoption of a healthier diet in high-income countries, it would be possible to provide such a diet for the entire global population with just a doubling of food production. But even a doubling of current production could strain Earth's ecosystems (生态系统), as critics of modem agriculture's intensive use of resources will prove. Clearly, then, increases in food demand will have to be slowed if we hope to achieve a sustainable agricultural system. Central to the issue of demand, however, is the question of how much food the world really needs.

　　 1. What people used to worry about most is——.

　　　　 A. the rapid increase of populations

　　　　 B. to adjust our demand for food so that we can make the total demand go down

　　　　 C. whether we have enough land and technology to feed the rapidly climbing populations

　　　　 D. the environmental deterioration thanks to excessive grains production

　　 2. What people worry about most now is——.

　　　　 A. the rapid increase of populations

　　　　 B. to adjust our demand for food so that we can make the total demand to go down

　　　　 C. whether we have enough land and technology to feed the rapidly climbing populations

　　　　 D. the environmental deterioration thanks to excessive grains production

　　 3. According to the author, one potential way to reduce the total food demand is——

    　　  A. to adjust our diet to be more reasonable

　　　　  B. to produce more grains

　　　　  C. to employ more advanced technologies for more grains

　　　　  D. to develop a land, energy and fertilizer intensive agriculture

　　 4. From the passage it can be inferred that critics are not satisfied with current agriculture in that ——.

　　　　  A. it is low efficiency

　　　　  B. it has not produced enough grains to meet the growing demand

　　　　  C. it depletes too much land, energy and fertilizer

  　　　　D. it gives rise to many environmental problems

　　 5. According to the author, to achieve a sustainable agricultural system, the first thing we should do is——.

　　　　   A. to develop more advanced agricultural technologies

　　　　   B. to have a comprehensive survey on the exact total food demand

　　　　   C. to associate agriculture with environment

　　　　   D. to adjust people's diet

　　 There are different forms of color blindness. In some cases a man may not be able to see deep red. He may think that red, orange and yellow are all shadows of green. Sometimes a person can not tell the difference between blue and green. In rare (罕见的) cases an unlucky man may see everything in shades of green—a strange world indeed.

　　 Color blindness in human beings is a strange thing to explain. In a single eye there are millions of very small things called “cones (视锥)”. These help us to see in a bright light and to tell difference between colors. There are also millions of “rods(视杆)”, but these are used for seeing when it is near dark. They show us shape but no color.

　　 Some insects have favorite colors. Mosquitoes (蚊子) like blue but do not like yellow, A red light will not attract insects, but a blue lamp will. In a similar way human beings also have favorite colors. Yet we are lucky. With the aid of the cones in our eyes we can see many beautiful colors by day, and with the aid of the rods we can see shapes at night. One day we may even learn more about the invisible (看不见的) colors around us.

　　 1. The passage is mainly about——.

　　　　 A. color and its surprising effects　　  B. color blindness

　　　　 C. danger caused by color blinders　　    D. women being luckier than men

　　 2. From the passage, with the help of the “cones”, we can——.

　　　　  A. kill mosquitoes　　　　　　  B. see things in a weak light

　　 C. tell different shapes　　    D. tell orange from yellow

　　 3. Why is compared safer to be driven by women?

　　　　  A. There are fewer color-blind women.

　　　　  B. Women are fonder of driving than men.

　　　　  C. Women are more careful.

　　　　  D. Women are quicker in thinking.

    We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can Cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.

    Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. “Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,” says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, “yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.”

　　  1. Which is closest in meaning to the sentence “Man... is part of nature”?

　　　　  A. Man pretends as if he does not belong to nature.

　　　　  B. Man can't escape his responsibility for environmental protection.

　　　　  C. Man appears indifferent to what happens in nature.

　　　　  D. Man can avoid the effects of environmental pollution.

　　 2. The sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides——.

　　　　  A. is unavailable because people can not do without pesticides in fanning.

　　　　  B. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides.

   　　   C. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths.

　　　　 D. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention.

　　 3. People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because——

　　　　 A. the danger does not become apparent immediately

　　　　 B. limited exposure to them does little harm to people's health

　　　　 C. the present is more important for them than the future

　　　　 D. humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning

　　 4. It can be inferred from Dr Dubos' remark that

　　　　 A. diseases with obvious signs are easy to cure

　　　　 B. attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatal

　　　　 C. people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides

　　　　 D. people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with