In other words, language is not necessarily the private property of those who use it. It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English. This is not to say that English is used by a greater number of speakers than any other language, for it is easily outnumbered in this respect by Chinese. But it is the most international of languages. A Dane and a Dutch person meeting in Rome will almost automatically find themselves speaking to each other in English. The pilots of a Russian plane approaching Cairo will use English to ask for landing instructions. Malaysian lecturers use English when addressing their Malaysian students in Kuala Lumpur. To people in Africa, Asia, and South America, English is an important foreign language to master, not merely because it is the language of Britain or the United States, but because it provides ready access to world scholarship and world trade, it is understood more widely than any other language.

　　  1. People prefer to speak their own mother tongue or dialect in order to——.

　　　　   A. make it difficult for others to understand their talk

　　　　   B. show off their ability to use different linguistic systems

　　　　   C. show that they are of the same nation or race

　　　　   D. practice as much as possible

　　  2. It was suggested that Americans speak Hebrew or Greek when the nation had just won independence. This was——cause.

　　　　　　 A. these two languages were thought to be more useful

　　　　　　 B. Britain didn't permit Americans to continue to use English

　　　　　　 C. English was not widely used then

　　　　　　 D. some Americans hoped to show their political independence by speaking a language other than English.

      3. Which of the following is true?

　　　　　　 A. Chinese has the largest number of native speakers.

　　　　　　 B. Chinese is the most widely-used language.

　　　　　　 C. English is spoken in a few countries.

　　　　　　 D. English belongs to a particular country.

　　  4. The word "address" in the second paragraph means——here.

　　　　　　 A. to write to　　　　　　  B. to blame

　　　　　　 C. to deal with　　　　　　 D. to speak to

Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These signs, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our space of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these signs, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.

Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar signs are removed. No matter how broadminded or full of good will you may be, a series of supports have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to complain about the host country and its people, you can be sure that they are suffering from culture shock.

Another phrase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner, everything becomes unreasonably glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.

　　  1. Culture shock is called an occupational disease mainly because

　　　　  A. like all other disease it has its own symptoms and culture

　　　　  B. only those who engage in culture work suffer from it

　　　　  C. it is hard to get rid of

　　　　  D. only those living in a strange culture may experience it

　　  2. When people are transplanted abroad,——.

　　　　  A. they soon adapt themselves to the new culture environment

　　　　  B. they try to avoid culture shock

　　　　  C. they feel lost in strange surroundings

　　　　  D. they become seriously ill

　　  3. What do people suffering from culture shock usually do?

　　　　  A. They tend to take delight in gossiping.

　　　　  B. They tend to beautify their home culture.

　　　　  C. They tend to daydream.

　　　　  D. They tend to complain about physical discomforts.

　　  4. The main idea of this passage is that

　　　　  A. culture shock is an occupational disease

　　　　  B. culture shock is caused by the anxiety of living in a strange culture

　　　　  C. culture shock has peculiar symptoms

　　　　  D. it is very hard to cope with life in a new setting

New technologies, such as advanced computing and fiber optics, make telecommunications services cheap and quick. In addition, since the breakup of AT&T, the competition spawned (引起) among many phone companies has emphasized price changes and introduced innovative services.

But despite the stimulus to provide commercial benefits during normal operation, one essential ingredient is missing—the incentive to design for emergency preparedness in the event of disaster. The telephone system is improving its ability to respond to some emergencies such as wartime attack, but is not prepared to handle terrorism, natural disasters, fires or accidents.

Before divestiture (解体) AT&T operated a national emergency center that coordinated all procedures during a disaster. Today, in lieu of the previous AT&T center, a government agency—the National Communications System (NCS) —operates the National Coordinating Center to address disasters related to telecommunications. In addition, the numerous phone companies and large communications suppliers have developed mechanisms of their own to respond to limited emergency situations, but massive emergencies are beyond their capabilities.

　　 1. What does “anymore” in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 mean?

　　　　 A. in any case　　　　　　  B. at no time

　　　　 C. not longer　　　　　　   D. nowadays

　　 2. “In Lieu of” in Paragraph 4 is used to mean

　　　　 A. instead of　　　　　　　　 B. because of

　　　　 C. In spite of　　　　　　    D. due to

　　 3. The writer's main purpose is to

　　　　 A. describe phenomena

　　　　 B. propose a motion of the modem telecommunications sciences

　　　　 C. amuse attention to the limited uses of telephone in the event of disaster

　　　　 D. argue a belief of telephone

　　 4. What would the following paragraph after Paragraph 4 more probably deal with?

　　　　 A. the examples of emergencies that telephone system can not deal with

　　　　 B. different opinions towards the telephone services

　　　　 C. the writer's conclusion of the passage

　　　　 D. the disadvantages of the National Communications System

That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school. The schools and the educators made it easy on us. They thought that it was all right to be parents who take a let-alone policy. We stopped making our children do homework. We gave calculators, turned on the television, left the teaching to the teachers and went on vacation.

Now teachers, faced with children who have been developing at their own pace for the past 15 years, are realizing we've made a terrible mistake. One such teacher is Sharon Klompus who says of her students “so passive” and wonders what happened. Nothing was demanded of them, she believes. Television, says Klompus, contributes to children's passivity. “We're not training kids to work any more.” says Klompus. “We're talking about a generation of kids who've never been hurt or hungry. They have learned somebody will always do it for them. Instead of saying ‘go look it up', you tell them the answer. It takes greater energy to say no to a kid.”

Yes, it does. It takes energy and it takes work. It's time for parents to end their vacation and come back to' work. It's time to take the car away, to turn the TV off, and to tell them it hurts you more than them but it's for their own good. It's time to start telling them no again.

　　  1. Children are becoming more and more inactive in study because

　　　　   A. they watch TV; too often

　　　　 B. they have done too much homework

　　　　   C. they have to fulfill too many duties 

D. teachers are too strict with them

　　  2. To such children as described in the passage——.

　　　　   A. it is easier to say no than to say yes

　　　　   B. neither is easy—to say yes or to say no

　　　　   C. it is easier to say yes than to say no

　　　　   D. neither is difficult—to say yes or to say no

　　  3. By “permissive period in education” the author means a time——.

　　　　   A. when children are allowed to do what they wish to

　　　　   B. when everything can be taught at school

　　　　   C. when every child can be educated

　　　　   D. when children are permitted to receive education

　　  4. The main idea of the passage is that——.

　　　　   A. parents should leave their children alone

　　　　   B. kids should have more activities at school

　　　　   C. it's time to be more strict with our kids

　　　　   D. parents should always set a good example to their kids

It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people without any plan from the population, it is likely that their degree of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Family members like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this suggests that intelligence depends on birth.

Imagine that now we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring.  We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this shows that environment as well as birth plays a part. This view is also suggested by the fact, that people who live in close contract with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

　　  1. From the 1st paragraph we can infer that——.

　　　　   A. no way can make a stupid child cleverer

　　　　   B. environment plays a more important part in intelligence developing than birth

　　　　   C. a rich and varied environment enables one to reach one's highest level of intelligence

　　　　   D. if one is born bright, he can reach his highest limit of intelligence whatever environment he lives in

　　  2. The expression “identical twins” (Para. 3) can best be replaced by

　　　　   A. two boys born together by the same mother

　　　　   B. two girls born together by the same mother

　　　　   C. two children of different sexes born together by the same mother

　　　　   D. two children born together by the same mother and are exactly alike

　　  3. Which statement would, the author probably disagree with?

　　　　   A. Intelligence is given at birth and developed by environment.

　　　　   B. It is impossible for people without any blood relationship to have similar intelligence.

　　　　   C. People who have similar experience are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

　　　　   D. One cannot control his own birth, but can choose a favorable environment.

　　  4. What is the best title for this passage?

　　　　   A. Intelligence　　　　    　　　　　　 B. Degrees of Intelligence

　　　　   C. Intelligence Is Given by Birth

D. Intelligence Depends on Environment

Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-beaded and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge (报复) when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement (答谢) in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good-will and tolerance so necessary in modem traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.

However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are teen driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that die highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.

A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learn to falter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modem motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the carownersbip explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.

　　 1. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd roadhog, the rude...” (Line 6, Para. 1) implies that

　　　　  A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists

　　　　  B. rude drivers can be met only occasionally

　　　　  C. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the roadhog

　　　　  D. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists

　　 2. By “good sense”, the writer means——.

　　　　   A. the driver's ability to understand anti-react reasonably

　　　　   B. the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditions

　　　　   C. the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behavior

　　　　   D. the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations

　　 3. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,

　　　　   A. road users should make sacrifice

　　　　   B. drivers should be ready to yield to each other

　　　　   C. drivers should have more communication among themselves

　　　　   D. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others

　　 4. In the writer's opinion

　　　　   A. strict traffic regulations are badly needed

　　　　   B. drivers should apply read politeness properly

　　　　   C. rude drivers should be punished

　　　　   D. drivers should avoid traffic jams

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

　　 1. Designers and big stores always make money——.

　　　　 A. by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry

　　　　 B. because they are capable of predicting new fashions

　　　　 C. by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing

　　　　 D. because they attach great importance to quality in women's clothing

　　 2. To the writer the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as——.

　　　　 A. a waste of moue　　　　　　　　　　   B. a waste of time

　　　　 C. an expression of taste　　　　　　　　   D. an expression of creativity

　　 3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

　　　　 A. New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.

　　　　 B. The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.

　　　　 C. The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.

　　　　 D.  Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.

　　 4. By saying “the conclusions to be drawn are obvious” the writer means that——.

　　　　 A. women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at

　　　　 B. women are better able to put up with discomfort

　　　　 C. men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers

　　　　 D. men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion

The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other, and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.

Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

　　  1. The first sentence in paragraph 1 “Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of space” means——.

　　　　  A. no two people need exactly the same amount of living space

　　　　  B. living space requirements are not always the same

  　　　　C. the world requires the same amount of living space

　　　　  D. nobody needs a required amount of living space

　　  2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

　　　　  A. Americans are trained to live in large rooms at birth.

　　　　  B. Economic situation decides one's amount of space needs.

　　　　  C. People in various countries demand different psychological space.

　　　　  D. Knowing your psychological space needs is important, as it affects your future.

　　  3. According to the writer of the passage, psychological space needs——.

　　　　  A. are not affected by income at all

　　　　  B. can hardly be changed altogether

　　　　  C. can be changed if you make up your mind to do so

　　　　  D. have nothing to do with cultural background

　　  4. The boat title for this passage is——.

　　　　  A. American Way of Living

　　　　  B. Psychological Space

　　　　  C. Space Needs in Different Countries

   D. Psychological Space and Economic Pressure

A type of reading which necessitates (成为必要) careful attention to detail is proofreading (校正), in which the reader, in order to detect misprints in a sample print, has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. This is extremely difficult for most people, since they are accustomed (习惯的) to overlook such details. In fact, considerable practice is required to practice this task efficiently and it can be done only by reading very slowly, and by paying comparatively little attention to the general meaning of the text.

　　 1. The author claims that there is a difference in reading speed——.

　　　　   A. between the poorly educated and the highly educated

    B. among all readers

　　　　   C. among different poorly educated adults only

　　　　   D. among different highly educated adults only

　　 2. A good reader is a reader who——.

　　　　   A. concentrates on the key words only

　　　　   B. changes his speed according to the kind of text

　　　　   C. always reads slowly but carefully

　　　　   D. changes his speed according to his liking for the book

　　 3. The last two sentences of the first paragraph mean that——.

　　　　   A. a reading speed too fast for difficult material is just right for a non-serious book

　　　　   B. a reading speed too slow for a non-serious book is also too slow for a difficult one

　　　　   C. a reading speed too slow for a non-serious book may be too fast for a difficult one

　　　　   D. a reading speed too slow for a difficult book is just right for a non-serious one

　　 4. Proofreading is of no use unless one is prepared to——.

　　　　   A. read very quickly　　　　  B. pay attention to the meaning of the text

　　　　   C. read very slowly　　　　   D. make changes here and there

A cat then? Usually if you disturbed a cat, it ran off and jumped, and you heard or noticed something else. By doing a lot of night work, you learned to notice these things, but now all riders noticed was the silence which had followed the rustling sound. So he acted cautiously. He did not flash his torch about the houses near the comer but walked on, and, a little way from the spot where he had heard the sound, stopped and bent his head, as if he was lighting a cigarette. A policeman who stopped to light a cigarette seemed the most unsuspicious policeman in the world.

There was still no sound. There were bushes in the garden of the house where Rider had first heard it and he knew that a man could hide there out of sight. But if he went back, it would ware any such man. So instead he stood and shone his torch at the window nearest him, and as if he had noticed something unusual, he walked towards it and opened the wooden gate, which made no sound at all. He reached the entrance and shone the torch on the keyhole of the front door and as he did so, the rustle came again, this time much more softly. He looked round quickly.

　　  1. What was Constable Rider doing on this very cold evening?

　　　　   A. He was looking for anything out of the ordinary.

　　    B. He was looking for something that had been lost.

　　　　   C. He was being careful not to disturb people.

　　　　   D. He was being careless in carrying on these duties.

　　  2. When he heard the rustling sound, he

　　　　   A. thought that it was probably caused by some animal

　　 B. knew that he had disturbed a cat

　　　　   C. thought that it was caused by the wind

　　　　   D. realized that he had turned a comer

　　  3. As he then heard no more sounds, Rider decided

　　　　   A. that he had been mistaken, and walked on

　　　　   B. that he might as well have a cigarette

　　　　   C. to flash his lamp on a window near the comer

　　　　  D. not to show that he had noticed anything

　　  4. Why did Constable Rider not go right back to the house on the comer?

　　　　   A. He had seen a man hiding there.

　　　　   B. He didn't want to use his torch.

　　　　   C. It would show that he had noticed something.

　　　　   D. There was still no sound from the garden.