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　　We set in boat waiting for Ofai. He was  1 under water. There were many beautiful shells (贝壳) at the  2 . If he could find some and bring them up, he would  3 a lot of money. My uncle was with us. Suddenly I saw Ofai  4 his arms. I could see a large dark fish  5 under the water.

　　“A shark (鲨)!” cried my uncle .

　　The fish came  6 . Now we could see him  7 . He was of a yellow brown colour and as big as our boat.  8 could we do to help Ofai? He had been under water  9 than a minute. My uncle could  10 it no longer. He took his knife and jumped into the water.  11 he went after the man-eating fish. The shark was heading  12 for Ofai . Then suddenly, the fish  13 . My uncle's strong arm had sent the  14 deep into the side of the great fish. The water turned red as blood  15 from the shark.

　　Now Ofai had  16 to reach the top. At last he was safe in the boat.

　　But the fish was  17 . He turned to come at the man who had  18 him. As he swam to my uncle, he opened his great  19 . Again the knife went forward. This time it cut  20 into the shark's nose.

　　For a minute the shark lay  21 . Now Uncle Harry could swim to the  22 Ofai quickly pulled him into the boat.

　　It wasn't long  23 the shark came to life. He hit the boat with  24 a hard blow that the sides were  25 pushed in. We rowed as hard as possible and, finally we were safe on the seashore.

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　　At first men did not know how to make a fire. Sometimes lightning (闪电)  1 a forest and started a fire. The people took some of the  2 to make a fire near their homes. A fire was very important for  3 reasons. It kept them warm. It frightened(吓咆)  4 . They did not attack (攻击) when they saw a fire. Then  5 thing was discovered: if you cook food, it tastes  6 

　　But men  7 did not know the  8 to make fire. When they had a fire. they did not let it  9 . If it went out, they could not start it again. They had to wait for  10 to start another fire! Sometimes they had to wait for  11  a few years.

　　Later they  12 how to make fire. If you rub  13 of wood together, they become hot and burn. You have to rub them very fast ! One way of doing it is to make a small“  14 ” in a piece of wood. Pieces of wood or dry leaves are put into the hole. Then you put the end of a  15 into the hole . You rub the stick between your hands.

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　　A tale of Two cities is a novel  1 the English author Charles Dickens. It tells us  2 a tale of action of adventure  3 in London and Paris at the time of French Revolution. So the two cities in the title  4 London and Paris.

　　The story  5 the fates of a small group of characters who are drawn into the  6 of the Revolution. One of the main character is Dr. Manette,  7 a French doctor. After  8 prison for 18 years, he settles in London with his beautiful daughter Lucie. She  9 Charles Darney, a noble heir(后裔) of Evre Monde family of French. Then  10 him. several years  11 , when Darney returns to Paris, he was caught by the revolutionaries. At this time there is  12 young man named Sydney Carton, an English lawyer, who loves Lucie  13 that he is ready to be sentenced to death instead of Darney, who is very much like Darnely only  14 can Darney escapes death shortly before his execution (死刑). Around this central plot (主要情节) is the  15 of revolutionary Pairs.

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　　Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep  1 depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep  2 . The young may need more sleep than the old, but  3 eight hours are enough for the  4 of grown-ups. Some can  5 with less than this amount (量) but  6 may need more. Every person knows his own  7 . It is then a matter of how to  8 it. Sleep should always be  9 to make one relaxed (松弛) and ready for  10 work.

　　Fresh air is  11 to sound sleep(酣睡) . It is not  12 reason for some people to  13 that it is practical to sleep in the open air.  14 a person can keep himself warm,  15 sleeping probably gives the body  16 complete relaxation.

　　Ability to sleep is largely a  17 . The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out -of-door  18 , a good habit of regular  19 and the avoidance (避免) of late eating and  20 are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors (因素) are largely within the  21 of any person. A bath at  22 , neither hot nor cold but of  23 temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills (安眠药) should  24 be taken except when suggested by  25 

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　　The following is about wedding customs around the world.

　　In Scotland, when a couple  1 married, the bride comes to the bridegroom's home  2 the wedding day. She  3 a piece of wedding cake into the air  4 all her  5 .The higher she throws it,  6 their life is expected to  7 . In some parts of Switzerland  8 is customary to invite a performer on stilts (高跷)  9 the wedding,  10 , the couple good luck. In Cameroon, the Wedding tradition is  11 the bridegroom's father holds the bride and throws her into a pool of water to get rid of  12 luck. In a village in Egypt, the bridegroom takes the bride in his arms, and they jump together  13 a big tub of water. They  14 dripping, and everyone shares their good wishes.

　　In Java, Indonesia, the bride  15 a basin of clear water and washes the bridegroom's feet to express her devotion  16 him, In the caucasus, the newlyweds, accompanied(陪伴)  17 a chief witness, 18 to climb a high mountain, when they  19 the summit, they  20 to be married. In Australia, Ausakan newlyweds are bundled together in a bag  21 snakeskin to spend the  22 . They are considered married when they emerge the next morning. In Afghanistan,  23 is placed before the bride and bridegroom. They meet in the mirror, then  24 a big wedding feast(婚宴) , In the south Pacific, wedding customs are rather simple. The couple comes to the home of the clan elder,  25 marries them touching their forehead together.

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　　During the past hundred years, the car, the radio, the cinema, and now television, have produced great  1 in the amusements with which people pass their  2 time.

　　A  3 years ago, people were in the habit of making  4 amusements. When a group of people  5 together, they talked, played cards, or other games, or  6 riding, shooting or walking together. Most people could sing a little, or  7 some musical instrument (乐器) reasonably well; so at a party the guests amused each other.  8 , conversation (聊天) was an  9 : amusing conversation could  10 people happy for hours.

　　As for games such as football and cricket (板球) , people were also in the habit of playing  11 themselves. Most of them did not play very well , but they  12 themselves and their friends.

　　Nowadays we are amused by professional (专业的) singers or plays. 13 listen to your friends singing when you can  14 the great singers of the world over the radio or on TV? Why play football with players who  15 very good when you can go to  16 some of the best players in your country  17 an important match? You may just sit comfortably  18 and watch the game without the  19 of going outside.

　　The art of conversation and the  20 of playing and singing are  21 ; people are becoming more and more lookers and listeners, and  22 doers and talkers. This change does people  23 : it is better to do something  24 well oneself than  25 to sit and watch others doing it.

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　　The following is about wedding customs around the world.

　　In Scotland, when a couple  1 married, the bride comes to the bridegroom's home  2 the wedding day. She  3 a piece of wedding cake into the air  4 all her  5 . The higher she throws it,  6 their life is expected to  7 . In some parts of Switzerland 8 is customary to invite a performer on stilts (高跷)  9 the wedding,  10 ,  11 the couple got rid of  12 luck. In a village in Egypt, the bridegroom takes the bride in his arms, and they jump together  13 a big tub of water. They  14 dripping, and everyone shows their good wishes.

　　In Java, Indonesia, the bride  15 a basin of clear water and washes the bridegroom's feet to express her devotion  16 him. In the Caucasus, the newlyweds, accompanied (陪伴)  17 a chief witness,  18 to climb a high mountain, when they  19 the summit, they  20 to be married. In Australia. Ausakan newly weds are bundled together in a bag  21 snakeskin to spend  22 . They are considered married when they emerge the next morning. In Afghanistan,  23 is placed before the bride and bridegroom. They meet in the mirror, then  24 a big wedding feast (婚宴) .In the south Pacific, wedding customs are rather simple. The couple comes to the home of the clan elder,  25 marries them touching their forehead together.

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　　I am used to taking a bus home, but last night it was 1 and I decided to ride in a taxi. I stood on the sidewalk 2 to each car that passed. I 3 each one to stop, but none 4 . Then I remembered that it was the time of day when one group of taxi drivers stopped and another began work. I began to wish that I hadn't had the idea 5 a taxi. I was soaking wet (湿透). I set my briefcase(公文箱)down and took off my hat for a minute pouring out (倒掉) the water that 6 in the brim (帽边).

　　At that moment, a taxi stopped before me and the driver said something 7 I didn't understand. I quickly jumped in and sat down. “Where do you want to go?”He asked me. I gave him my 8 . “That's uptown, sir,” he said. “I'm going 9 I told you that. I' m 10 duty now. I was just to 11 you up if you were going my way.”By this time it was raining 12 .Cars were stopped 13 the taxi. Their knocking horns(喇叭)were beginning to howl (怒吼) and that we 14 . I wish I had known what to do! I felt like insisting that the taxi driver 15 me home. But 16 , I knew that I should not have gotten 17 the taxi without understanding 18 the driver had said to me. Two 19 blasts(鸣笛) from somebody's horn made the driver demand that I make up my mind. I got out, 20 I didn't want to.

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　　New York originally (原来，最初) belonged to the Indians. Yet today there are 1 Indians among New York's millions of people. How did this 2 come about? When the first white settlers 3 the newly-discovered continent along the 4 coast, the Indians welcomed them and gave them food and shelter(住所) . Then as the 5 settled down, the Indians helped them 6 the ground and taught them 7 to grow grains, hunt and fish, for this was a land of wilderness (荒野), and the 8 men were not used to such 9 .

　　More white men came. They needed more 10 , so through force, they took the land away from the 11 . How the early Dutch(荷兰的) settlers 12 the island of Manhattan is a well-known 13 .By giving the Indians some toys and cheap goods worth about 24 US dollars, they“bought” 14 , which now is the centre and the busiest section of New York .

　　All along the 15 the story was more or less the same. The Indians found themselves 16 the land. They didn't like this, so they 17 .There were fierce (猛烈的) battles (战斗), and people on both sides were 18 . But the white people kept coming in. They also had guns, 19 the Indians had only spears (长矛) , bows and arrows (弓箭). The Indians were 20 and pushed further back.

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　　Nobel prizes are well known throughout the world. However, do you know  1 about Alfred Nobel and his life?

　　A Nobel Prizes is one of the most  2 regarded international honours a person  3 receive. These prizes were  4 for Alfred Nobel, a Swedish scientist and millionaire. The  5 Nobel Prizes were  6 in 1901, five years after Nobel's  7 . Many famous people  8   the world  9 given Nobel Prizes for their achievements. There are five  10 prizes:  11 in science,  12 chemistry, physics, medicine or physiology(生理学) , one for literature (文学) , and the peace prize. Each prize has three parts. The first part is a gold medal. Second, a  13 of a Nobel Prize is given a diploma(证书)  14 that he has got the prize. The third part of the prize is a large  15 of money.

　　But  16 did the prizes start?

　　Alfred Nobel was a  17 . He invented dynamite (火药) and developed detonators (雷管) for dynamite . As  18 of these two inventions, he became a very rich man. He  19 part of his money to do business in oil. He was  20 and became even richer. However.  21 his great wealth, Nobel was not a happy man. He  22 married or had children.  23 , he was sick for a large part of his life. Nobel  24 away at the age of sixty-three in 1896. He  25 all he had to a group of people who managed the Nobel Foundation (基金会) . The Nobel Foundation holds Nobel's money and gives the prizes.

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