阅读理解

　　Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse(过度使用)injuries．Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(别扭的)hand positions．They will allow the worker to keep the elbows(肘)next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm．

　　Overuse injuries can therefore① be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use：

　　●power tools rather than having to use muscle(肌肉)power

　　●tools with specially designed handles allow the wrist(手腕)to keep straight(see the picture)．This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person's side．

Picture：Bend the tool, not the wrist

　　●tools with handles can be held comfortably by the whole hand．This means having a selection of sizes－remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand．This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men．

　　●tools that do not press fingers(or flesh)between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area

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Different Countries, Different Schools

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My New Teachers

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　　Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course that he attends gives him a credit(信用)that he may count(有价值，起作用)towards a degree．In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester(学期)．A typical(典型的)course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester．Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year．It is possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice(惯例)．

　　For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded and the record is available(可获得的；可看见的)for the student to show to prospective(未来的)employers．All this imposes⑨ a constant pressure and strain(紧张；劳累)of work, but in spite of(尽管)this, some students still find time for great activity in student affairs．Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm．Students who advise the academic authorities(当局)usually perform the effective work of maintaining(维持)discipline．Any student, who is thought to have broken the rules, for example by cheating(作弊), has to appear before a student court．With the enormous(巨大的)numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve⑩ a certain amount of activity．A student who has held one of these positions of authority(权利)is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career．

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阅读理解

　　On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981．They also did more household work and participated(参加)in more of such organized activities as soccer(英式足球)and ballet．Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50％ from 1981 to 1997：boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log⑦ half that time．All in all(总的来说), however, children's leisure(闲暇)time dropped from 40％of the day in 1981 to 25％．

　　“Children are affected by the same time crisis(危机)that affects their parents,”says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children's timetable．A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home．Nevertheless(然而), children in both double-income and“male bread winner”house holds spent comparable amounts of time interacting(相互影响)with their parents, 19 hours and 22 hours respectively(各自的)．In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers．

　　All work and no play could make for(导致；有利于)some very messed up(麻烦的)kids．“Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself．”Says T．Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School．Unstructured(自由的；非正式组织的)play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate⑧ their relationships with their peers．But kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it．

　　The children sampled(被抽样调查的)spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing(日益减少的)“free time”watching television．But that, believe it or not(信不信由你), was one of the findings parents might regard as good news．If they're spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren't replacing it with reading．Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading．Let's face it, who's got the time?

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阅读理解

Tough Day for Kindergartners(and Parents)

　　Though most children can make the transition(转换)from preschool to kindergarten smoothly, about 25 percent have some difficulty, giving them unequal footing(基础)at the starting gate of their education, according to Beth Shalev, director of the Jewish Community preschool of Wake County, in Raleigh, N．C．

　　“It's really a big developmental change for the kids,”said Ms．Shalev,“since children are going from being in a protected environment where their needs are met by individualized⑥ care, and where there's a great deal of communication between teachers and parents, to a much larger, less personal place．”

　　This change has become a hot topic in education．“Most districts in most states now have policies and procedures(步骤)explaining how to prepare children and parents for the transition,”said Sally Flagler, chairwoman(女主席)of the National association(协会)of School Psychologists' Early Childhood Education Interest Group, based in Bethesda, Md．

　　Experts say parents should take children to meet their new kindergarten teachers and tour the schools before the term begins, to see the classroom, lunchroom(餐厅), restroom and play areas．

　　Other helpful tactics are to talk over what new activities will be and to go over the schedule(计划表)and bus route．

　　“Some parents may worry about whether their children are socially prepared and emotionally and intellectually ready for the new academic demands,”Ms．Lillie said．

　　Some worry about the fuller range(范围)of behavioral matters and the aggressive(进攻性的)behavior that their children may be exposed to in the public school．And parents who were involved in the preschool may feel disconnected from the public school, leaving them feeling more anxious．

　　“If the anxiety is coming from the parent, not the child, I advise parents to think through what's going on for them,”Ms．Lillie said．

　　“In general, my advice is to know yourself,”she added．“Whatever is triggering(引发)your anxiety and difficulty is more about your own personal psychology than your child's．”

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阅读理解

　　Beijing will create 100 smoke-free primary and middle school as part of a China-UN programme aimed at promoting(促进)health education and healthy behavior(行为)for the country's 230 million primary and middle school students．

　　The World Health Organization(WHO)will send experts to help organize the activities．And then the experience from the schools in Beijing will be spread to create more smoke-free places, according to newspaper reports．

　　In smoke-free schools, activities will be organized to persuade teachers and students to give up smoking．The students' parents will also be encouraged not to smoke in front of their children．

　　Figures from the China National Health Education Institute(研究院)show that 45 percent of the boy students in senior middle schools smoke cigarettes, while the rate(比率)for junior middle schools is 34 percent, reports say．

　　Experts are worried that if no action is taken immediately, the rates will go up to 59 and 54 percent respectively(相对的)by the year 2010．

　　A report by the China National Health Education Institute says that there are now 350 million smokers in China, with about five million under the age of 18．And of the adult smokers, about 75 percent said that they took up(开始)smoking between 15 and 24．

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阅读理解

　　At Patcham High School, all people are of equal value and therefore equally deserving(应受报答的，值得的)of our time, efforts, patience, support and respect．Our students' academic success and personal development lie at the heart of our educational practice．

　　Patham High School is determined to be a school excellence(优秀)and wishes to be a learning school, a family school and a community school．

　　Firstly, all students are of equal value and will have the opportunity to gain the fullest advantages from education to develop their skills．

　　Secondly, we intend to keep in very close contact④ with the families of our students．We all encourage the families of the school to help and support us in the interests of all our students．

　　Thirdly, as a community(社区)school we intend to help our students to understand, respect and live positively(积极地)with people in our local area．

　　Above all, we aim to establish and encourage a friendly pattern of relationships between students and teachers based on mutual respect and trust．By the time they leave Patcham High School, all students will have received the best possible information and advice, designed for them as individuals(个人), to enable them to make information choice about their future education or careers and how to achieve their ambitions．

　　We encourage our students to have high expectations and to understand that leaving Patcham is a launching off(开始，起飞)for further education and successful life-long learning．

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A Letter from a Senior High Student

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My First Day at Senior High

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