Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
　　 In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.
　　When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
　　The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).
　　The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally robbed of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”
　　Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
【小题1】 According to the report,______.

A．many short sleepers need less sleep by nature

B．many short sleepers are forced to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work

C．long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day

D．many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood

【小题2】 Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____.

A．sleep is a withdrawal from the reality

B．sleep interferes with their sound judgment

C．sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program

D．sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles

【小题3】It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.

A．are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life

B．often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep

C．do not know how to relax properly

D．are more unlikely to run into mental problems

【小题4】 When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.

A．appear disturbed	B．become energetic
C．feel dissatisfied	D．be extremely depressed

 Years ago, in a small fishing village in Holland, a young boy taught the world about the rewards of unselfish service.

Because the entire village lived on fishing, a volunteer rescue team was needed in case of emergency. One night, the winds   36   , the clouds burst and a strong storm overturned a fishing boat at sea. The crew in trouble   37   the SOS. The captain of the rescue rowboat team   38   the alarm and the villagers   39   in the town square overlooking the sea. When the team started their rowboat fought their way through the wild waves, the villagers waited   40   on the beach, holding lamps to   41   the way back.

An hour later, the rescue boat reappeared through the fog and the   42   villagers ran to greet them. Falling   43   on the sand, the volunteers reported that the rescue boat could not hold any more   44    and they had to leave one man behind. Even one more passenger would have surely   45  the rescue boat and all would have been lost.

   46   , the captain called for another volunteer team to   47   the survivor. Sixteen-year-old Hans stepped forward. His mother grabbed his arm, crying, "please don't go. Your father   48  in a shipwreck  (船只失事) 10 years ago and your elder brother, Paul, has been lost　　49   for three weeks. Hans, you are all I have left."

Hans replied, "Mother, I have to go.    50   everyone said I can't go, let someone else do it? Mother, this time I have to do my duty. When the call for service   51  , we all need to take our turn and do our part. Hans kissed his mother, joined the team and   52   into the night. "

Another hour passed, which seemed to Hans' mother like a century.    53   the rescue boat dashed through the fog with Hans standing up in the bow.    54  his hands, the captain called, "did you find the lost man?"    55   able to control himself, Hans excitedly cried back, "Yes, we found him. Tell my mother it's my elder brother, Paul!"

1. A. stilled         B. screamed       C. stopped       D. calmed

2. A. set about       B. sent out       C. came up with  D. took over

3.A. sounded       B. set            C. took         D. made

4. A. gathered       B. followed       C. fought       D. struggled

5. A. nervously      B. angrily        C. fearfully      D. happily

6. A. hope         B. light          C. expect        D. try

7.A. promising      B. hoping        C. cheering          D. standing

8.A. uncomfortable  B. exhausted      C. disturbed        D. painful

9. A. villagers       B. sailors         C. captains      D. passengers

10. A. pushed        B. pulled         C. overturned     D. settled

11. A. Anxiously      B. Strangely     C. Unexpectedly   D. Doubtfully

12. A. look after                                         B. look for       C. lookout          D. look on

13.A. died            B. pulled        C. went            D. interrupted

14. A. in the fire                      B. at sea         C. on strike     D. in the war

15. A. How about      B. What for      C. What if        D. What with

16.A. comes           B. goes           C. flies          D. climbs

17. A. appeared      B. disappeared    C. came           D. went

18. A. Therefore      B. Firstly       C. when           D. Finally

19.A. Making        B. Keeping          C. Showing        D. Cupping

20.A. Hardly    B. Only C. Seldom   D. Always

 

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts (干旱) are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.

　 But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world---if we start valuing water more than we did in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.

　 Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.

　 Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound (健康的) ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions (凹地) and pumping it to nearby cropland.

　 No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate (调整) water policy.

What is the real cause of the potentials water crisis.

　　A. Only half of the world's water can be used.

　　B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.

　　C. Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.

　　D. Humanity has not placed enough value on water resources.

As is indicated in the passage, the water problem _________ .

A. is already serious in certain parts of the world.

B. has been exaggerated by some experts in the field

　　C. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs(水库)

　　D. is underestimated by government organizations at different levels

According to the author, the water price should _______ .

　　A. be reduced to the minimum        B. stimulate domestic demand

　　C. go with its real value             D. take into account the occurrences of droughts

In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ______ .

　　A. guarantee full protection of the environment

　　B. centralize the management of water resources

　　C. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels

D. encourage local and regional water resources

 

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses relate to diet and forty percent of cancer relates to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.

That food is connected with illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic  additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.　　

1. What is the best possible title of the passage?

　 A. Drug and Food             　B. Cancer and Health

　C. Food and Health              D. Health and Drug

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　 A. Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.

　 B. Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are

given to the living animals.

　 C. Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over

thirty-five years.

　 D. Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.

3. How has science done something harmful to mankind?

　A. Because of science, diseases caused by polluted food haven’t been virtually

eliminated.

　 B. It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.

　 C. Because of the application of science, some potentially harmful substances

have been added to food.

　D. The scientists have preserved the color of meat, but not of vegetables.

4. What are nitrates used for?

　 A. They preserve flavor in packaged foods.

　 B. They preserve the color of meats.

　 C. They are the objects of research.

5. The word ‘carcinogenic’ most nearly means ‘_________’.

　 A. trouble-making                 B. color-maintaining

　 C. money-making                 D .cancer-causing