A practical English Grammar is intended for intermediate（中级的） and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.
The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modern English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special attention. Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on controversial forms.
In the fourth edition the main changes are as follows.
1. Explanation and examples have been brought up to date.
2. There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predicative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctives, modal verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive, purpose clauses and nouns.
3. Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can, may, must etc. are now grouped by functions; verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves; suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.
4. The contents list now summaries every edition heading, and there is a new index containing many more entries references.
In this edition the sign “~” is frequently used to show a change of speaker in examples of dialogue. Note also that although the sign “="”" sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to passive or direct to indirect speech.
We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor Rene Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.
London, November 1985   A.J.T., A.VM
【小题1】The grammar book mentioned in this passage is not suitable for              .

If you get a cellphone call, your sleeve(袖子) will soon be able to answer it. If you want to know how far you’ve run, your trousers will be able to tell you. Can’t decide what to wear? Wish your clothes were smart enough to decide for you? A new computer science technology may be able to help your clothing to do just that.
Mark Jones, a computer scientist, says, "We view electronic textiles (电子纺织品) as, sort of, where computing meets the fabric (编织品)."
This high-tech marriage is bringing up the wearable computers, like trousers that can interpret movement and let a computer know your every move.
A loom (织布机) helps make the wires and fabric together. Then special equipment in the fabric can measure the speed. Signals are then sent from the trousers to a computer to show the process.
Tom Martin also says, "E-textiles are a way for us to build wearable computers that look like normal clothing and can fit in fully with the environment."
Researchers also hope wearable computers will help save lives. "We will be able to tell what activity a person is doing. That sort of information is highly valuable when we’re trying to monitor someone with a long-term illness such as heart disease," Jones says. Monitoring your every step is something that clever clothing can do a little easier. Researchers plan on developing more smart clothes to integrate computers into shirts, hats and gloves.
【小题1】What does the underlined word "marriage" refer to in the passage?

If you get a cellphone call, your sleeve(袖子) will soon be able to answer it. If you want to know how far you’ve run, your trousers will be able to tell you. Can’t decide what to wear? Wish your clothes were smart enough to decide for you? A new computer science technology may be able to help your clothing to do just that.

Mark Jones, a computer scientist, says, "We view electronic textiles (电子纺织品) as, sort of, where computing meets the fabric (编织品)."

This high-tech marriage is bringing up the wearable computers, like trousers that can interpret movement and let a computer know your every move.

A loom (织布机) helps make the wires and fabric together. Then special equipment in the fabric can measure the speed. Signals are then sent from the trousers to a computer to show the process.

Tom Martin also says, "E-textiles are a way for us to build wearable computers that look like normal clothing and can fit in fully with the environment."

Researchers also hope wearable computers will help save lives. "We will be able to tell what activity a person is doing. That sort of information is highly valuable when we’re trying to monitor someone with a long-term illness such as heart disease," Jones says. Monitoring your every step is something that clever clothing can do a little easier. Researchers plan on developing more smart clothes to integrate computers into shirts, hats and gloves.

1.What does the underlined word "marriage" refer to in the passage?

A．The special equipment in the fabric used to measure the speed of our movement.

B．The unity（结合）of fabric and computing materials to make smart clothes.

C．Wearable computers which fit in with the environment.

D．The influence of electronics and computer science technology.

2.How will smart clothes be able to know the wearer’s every movement?

A．There are the wires and fabric together.

B．There are signals in the smart clothes.

C．The computer built into them will control their every movement.

D．The clothing will have special equipment fixed into the fabric.

3.The reason that people need smart clothes is that __________.

A．people are too lazy to decide what to wear

B．scientists want to prove their intelligence

C．smart clothes can provide information about the wearer’s health

D．smart clothes are as cheap as normal clothes

4.What is the best title for the passage?

A．Connecting Clothes with High Technology

B．New Ways to Discover Illnesses Early

C．How to Use a Computer

D．Smart Clothes and Exercise

 I ______you will write me back soon

       A hope       B need       C want         D wish

Can you imagine traveling to work in a one – man submarine? Some scientists believe that some day one – man submarines will be as many as automobiles are today．A famous French driver says, “One day soon, men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street!” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel, and live in the sea．
If human beings want to live in the ocean, many human problems will need to be studied first.
Some of these problems, similar to those of living in outer space, are pressure, lack of oxygen and weightlessness. Many questions are still unanswered．For example, can our blood make itself fit for underwater surroundings? What will happen to our muscle if we live in the water very long? Scientists are looking for answers．
Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land．Then sea has plenty of space, not only for floating living buildings and parks, but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel．
Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways. In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea, man may find new sources of joy．

1. 1.

   What can we do if we live in the ocean?

   1. A.
      We can have plenty of oxygen．
   2. B.
      We can be fit to live in the water very well．
   3. C.
      We needn’t worry about things like weightlessness．
   4. D.
      We can travel and work in the sea．
2. 2.

   Why do some people hope to leave cities to live in the sea? Because_____．

   1. A.
      people think they can live crowdedly in the sea
   2. B.
      people wish to go the quiet seafloor to travel for several days
   3. C.
      people want to break away from the crowded and noisy cities where they live now
   4. D.
      only in this way can people get rid of noise pollution
3. 3.

   In what ways could ocean living be helpful for man?

   1. A.
      People can swim freely as much as possible．
   2. B.
      People can be interested in the new pleasure there isn’t anywhere else．
   3. C.
      The sea can supply people with enough foods and other things, so people needn’t work．
   4. D.
      People can go boating and go to the park as often as possible．
4. 4.

   Which of the following is the similar problem as that of living in outer space?

   1. A.
      We are short of oxygen．
   2. B.
      We are not familiar with the underwater surrounding．
   3. C.
      We may die of weightlessness．
   4. D.
      We can finds new joys．
5. 5.

   Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

   1. A.
      The scientists have not solved the problem of weightlessness underwater．
   2. B.
      The scientists have solved the problem of weightlessness when man live in space．
   3. C.
      Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in no more than physical ways．
   4. D.
      Sea has plenty of space only for floating living buildings and parks．