题目列表(包括答案和解析)
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Directions：Read the following passage．Fill in the numbered blanks by using the information from the passage．
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer．
The world would have been so much better if we all knew to say and do the right thing at the right time．However , that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling (逐步培养) proper behavior in kids．Behavior modification(BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults．
Behavior modification refers to establishing appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desirable．The techniques are used in behavior modification therapy that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children．
The most commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment．Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a desired behavior through the process of rewarding it．Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behavior because the desired behavior was performed．Punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behavior．
The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement．However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification．This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship．As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one．Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward．
Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification in children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play．Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching social problem-solving skills like alternative thinking , and continuous monitoring of a child's behavior．It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children．However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate environment．
Title：________
I．Introduce to BM
●Definition of BM：Establishing appropriate behaviors and ________
●Purpose of BM techniques：To correct and ________ in children as well as adults．
II．Common BM techniques
●________：Reinforcing a desired behavior by ________
●Negative reinforcement：________ a negative consequence or a behavior
________：Subjecting an individual to ________
III．BM techniques for children
For parents：
●Communicating effectively with children
●________ a privilege
●Sticking to the same technique
For teachers：
●Preventing problems happening in classroom
●Teaching ________ social problem
●Monitoring children's behaviors continuously
The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．
The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．
The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．
To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．
Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．
“The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．
The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(灵长类) before．
Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．
The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．
57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．
A．found another dog was given nothing
B．felt they were not treated equally
C．were aware they received less food
D．were given too much reward
58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?
A．They would go on with the performance much longer．
B．They would be too shy to present their paw．
C．They would miss their partners．
D．They would compare what they got with that of others．
59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．
A．pay no attention to the type of reward
B．only like to play interesting games
C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded
D．care more about how they are rewarded
60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?
A．Animals’ various ways to show anger
B．Dogs are more envious than man
C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work
D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay
The Vienna-based researchers showed that dogs will stop doing a simple task when not rewarded if another dog, which continues to be rewarded, is present．
The experiment consisted of taking pairs of dogs and getting them to present a paw for a reward．On giving this “handshake” the dogs received a piece of food．One of the dogs was then asked to shake hands, but received no food．The other dog continued to get the food when it was asked to perform the task．
The dog without the reward quickly stopped doing the task, and showed signs of anger or stress when its partner was rewarded．
To make sure that the experiment was really showing the interaction between the dogs rather than just the frustration of not being rewarded, a similar experiment was conducted where the dogs performed the task without the partner．Here they continued to present the paw for much longer．
Dr Frederike Range from the University of Vienna says this shows that it was the presence of the rewarded partner that was the greater influence on their behaviour．
“The only difference is one gets food and the other doesn’t, they are responding to being unequally rewarded．” she said．
The researchers say this kind of behaviour, where one animal gets frustrated with what is happening with another, has only been observed in primates(灵长类) before．
Studies with various types of monkeys and chimpanzees show they react not only to seeing their partners receiving rewards when they are not, but also to the type of reward．
The dog study also looked at whether the type of reward made a difference．Dogs were given either bread or sausage, but seemed to react equally to either．Dr Range says this may be because they have been trained．
57．The dogs refused to give the paw when they_______．
A．found another dog was given nothing
B．felt they were not treated equally
C．were aware they received less food
D．were given too much reward
58．What would the dogs do if they presented their paw alone?
A．They would go on with the performance much longer．
B．They would be too shy to present their paw．
C．They would miss their partners．
D．They would compare what they got with that of others．
59．According to the passage, compared with dogs, monkeys and chimpanzees ______．
A．pay no attention to the type of reward
B．only like to play interesting games
C．pay attention to the type of reward as well as whether they are rewarded
D．care more about how they are rewarded
60．Which of the following can best summerise the passage?
A．Animals’ various ways to show anger
B．Dogs are more envious than man
C．Most animals want to be be rewarded for their work
D．Animals also have a sense of fairplay
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