Decision-thinking is not unlike. It often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process（过程） is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.
　　The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes; there are what he called games of 'perfect information', games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks; they don't win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of 'imperfect information', like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.
　　One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business and life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, as best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.
49．The subject discussed in this text is _________.
　　A．the process of reaching decisions
　　B．the difference between poker and chess.
　　C．the secret of making good business plans
　　D．the value of information in winning games
50．An important factor in a game of imperfect information is ___________.
　　A．rules               B．luck         C．time               D．ideas
51．Which of the following can be used in place of "Quite the reverse"?
　　A．Quite right.                   B．True enough.
　　C．Most unlikely.                      D．Just the opposite.
52．In the writer's opinion, when making business decisions one should ___________ .
　　A．put perfect information before imperfect information
　　B．accept the existence of unknown factors
　　C．regard business as a game of chess
　　D．mix known and unknown factors

　
D　　
Japanese students work very hard but many are unhappy．They feel heavy pressures from their parents to do well in school．Most students are always being told by their parents to study harder so that they can have a wonderful life．Though this may be good ideas for those very bright students，it can have very bad results for many students who are not quick enough at learning．
Unfortunately，a number of students killed themselves．Others are after comfort in using drugs．Some do bad things with trouble-makers and turn to crime．Many of them have tried very hard at school but have failed in the exams and have disappointed their parents．Such students feel that they are less important and leave school before they have finished their study．
It is surprising that though most Japanese parents are worried about their children, they do not help them in any way．Many parents feel that they are not able to help their children and that it is the teachers' work to help their children．To make matters worse, a lot of parents send their children to special school called juku-cram schools．These schools are open during the evening and on weekends, and their only purpose is to prepare students to pass exams, they do not try to educate students in any real sense of the real world. It thus comes as a shock to realize that almost three quarters of the junior or high school population attend these cram schools．　　　　
Ordinary Japanese schools usually have rules about everything from fhe students' hair to their clothes and things in their school bag．Child psychologists now think that such strict rules often lead to a feeling of being unsafe and being unable to fit into society．They regard the rules as being harmful to the development of each student．They believe that no sense of moral values is developed and that students are given neither guidance nor training in becoming good citizens．
67．A lot of Japanese students are unhappy at school because              　　
A．they work very hard    B．they find they can't do well at school
C．they feel unimportant  D．they are under too much pressure　　　　
68．Because of their failure at school, some students take drugs to          
A．kill themselves             B．seek comfort
C．disappoint their parents     D．make trouble　　　　
69．What should be the best title of the passage?
A．Students' Pressure   
B．Students' Problems　　　　
C．The Negative Impact(影响) of Japanese Education　　　　
D．The Trouble in Japanese Schools
70．In juku-cram schools students_______．
A．are taken good care of by the teachers    B．feel no pressure
C．are trained to pass exams               D．can learn a lot of useful things
71．In ordinary Japanese schools，________．
A．there are strict rules      B．students feel safe　　　　
C．students can do anything  D．learning is not important

Children have their own rules in playing games.They seldom(很少)need a referee(裁判)and rarely trouble to keep scores.They don’t care much about who wins or loses，and it doesn’t seem to worry them if the game is not finished.Yet，they like games that depend a lot on luck，so that their personal abilities can not be directly compared.They also enjoy games that move in stages，in which each stage，the choosing of leaders，the picking?up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start，is almost a game in itself.

Grown?ups can hardly find children’s games exciting，and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again.However，it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons.He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person，and he can find himself being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinarily afraid.He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn.He can be confident，too，in particular games，that it is his place to give orders，to pretend to be dead，to throw a ball actually at someone，or to kiss someone he has caught.

It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control.Everyone knows the rules，and more importantly，everyone plays according to the rules.Those rules may be childish，but they make sure that every child has a chance to win.

1．What is TRUE about children when they play games?

A．They can stop playing any time they like.　　 B．They can test their personal abilities.

C．They want to pick a better team.　　　　　　 D．They don’t need rules.

2．To become a leader in a game the child has to ______.

A．play well　　　　　　　　　　 　　　B．wait for his turn

C．be confident in himself　　　　　　 D．be popular among his playmates

3．What do we know about grown?ups?

A．They are not interested in games.

B．They find children’s games too easy.

C．They don’t need a reason to play games.

D．They don’t understand children’s games.

4．Why does a child like playing games?

A．Because he can be someone than himself.

B．Because he can become popular among friends.

C．Because he finds he is always lucky in games.

D．Because he likes the place where he plays a game.

5．The writer believes that ______.

A．children should make better rules for their games

B．children should invite grown?ups to play with them

C．children’s games can do them a lot of good

D．children play games without reasons

When we talk about a bad man, we like to call him a “wolf”.But is it really true that the wolf stands for devil and ugliness.?

Have you read the book “The Wolf Totem” by a famous writer Jiang Rong, which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings? Have you ever ?　36　? the wolves' world? If you had, you would ?　37　? the wolves.?

In the book, wolves are heroes on the large grassland. They know more about ?　38　? than humans. They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers. They also know how to ?　39　? full use of the shape of land to ?　40　? sheep. I believe that if wolves were humans, they would be ?　41　? experts good at fighting.?

The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand ?　42　?.Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul. A ?　43　? wolf has little power, but a pack of wolves ?　44　? nothing. All the wolves obey the rules.?　45　? they are defeated, they run away together. It is their teamwork ?　46　? makes wolves powerful.?

The wolves also have great self?respect and won't ?　47　? to anyone. The writer, who wrote the book “The Wolf Totem”,?　48　? stole a one-month-old baby wolf and raised it very carefully. To his ?　49　?,he found the little wolf still wanted to go back with ?　50　? wolves. He bit through the iron chain that limited him. The wolf was ?　51　? and he never gave in, fighting ?　52　? his death. The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.?

I was shocked by this kind of ?　53　?:wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth. I want everyone to look at wolves in a ?　54　? way. They are our teachers. They show us how to survive and ?　55　? in this not simple and dangerous world. Please honor the wolves, please honor all these heroes of nature!

36. A. thought about      B. walked into          C. talked about     D. cared for?

37. A. hunt             B. admire        C. draw           D. watch

38. A. space            B. spot           C. food             D. survival?

39. A. get                   B. take           C. Have            D. make?

40. A. fight            B. avoid         C. Trap             D. discover?

41. A. special          B. imaginative          C. Outstanding      D. creative?

42. A. operation         B. teamwork       C. lifestyle          D. control

43. A. single           B. brave          C. lonely         D. fair?

44. A. fight            B. struggle          C. fear            D. fail

45. A. As for           B. As though     C. Even so          D. Even if?

46. A. what             B. he             C. That            D. one?

47. A. turn in           B. give in         C. take in               D. break in?

48. A. once              B. just           C. Soon           D. only?

49. A. satisfaction       B. disappointment C. pleasure         D. sorrow

50. A. rest               B. others           C. Another         D. the other

51. A. proud            B. satisfied        C. Willing          D. eager

52. A. until              B. although       C. before         D. unless

53. A. selflessness       B. self-confidence C. self-respect    D. self-protection

54. A. curious          B. different       C. strange           D. humorous?

55. A. walk             B. hand         C. get              D. succeed