Surgical teams accidentally leave clamps, sponges and other tools inside about 1,500 patients nationwide each year.
The mistakes largely result not from surgeon tiredness, but from the stress arising from emergencies or complications(并发症) discovered on the operating table, the researchers reported.
The study found that emergency operations are nine times more likely to lead to such mistakes, and operating–room complications requiring a change in procedure are four times more likely.
It also happens more often to fat patients, simply because there is more room inside them to lose equipment, according to the study.
Two–thirds of the mistakes happened even though the equipment was counted before and after the procedure, in keeping with the standard practice.
Most lost objects were sponges, but also included were metal clamps and electrodes(电极). In two cases, 11–inch retractors (牵引器) metal strips were forgotten inside patients. In another operation, four sponges were left inside someone. When there is significant bleeding and a sponge is placed in a patient, it can sometimes look indistinguishable from the tissue around it.
The lost objects usually lay around the abdomen (腹腔) or hips but sometimes in the chest. They often caused tears or infections. Most patients needed additional surgery to remove the object. In other cases, patients even sensed nothing about the object, and it turned up in later surgery for other problems.
To prevent such mistakes from happening, Loyola University Medical Center is becoming one of the first hospitals in the country to use sponges outfitted with bar codes. The new system was brought to Loyola through the efforts of the hospital’s operating room nurses.
Another effective way is to X–ray patients after surgery to reduce the likelihood of objects being left inside patients.
【小题1】In which of the following situations are objects most likely to be left inside a patient?

A．The nurses are counting the equipment and the patient is being X–rayed.

B．The surgeons are doing the last operation of the day, and everyone is exhausted.

C．unexpected happens and some changes must be made in the procedure.

D．A complex operation is going on according to the plan made by many experts.

【小题2】Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．Such mistakes happen more often to fat patients.

B．1,500 patients suffer from the mistake all over the world every year.

C．X–ray examination can help to find the lost objects.

D．The mistake largely results from stress rather than tiredness.

【小题3】What can we infer from the passage?

A．Surgical teams aren’t to blame for the mistakes.

B．Some people never know there is something left inside their body.

C．Most mistakes happen because equipment isn’t counted after the procedure.

D．Only some small objects may be left inside the patients.

【小题4】What is the best title for the passage?

A．Never Trust Anyone	B．A Mistake in the Operating Room
C．Carelessness and Mistakes	D．Tips for Patient Safety

We’ve heard about radiation from the damaged nuclear reactors in Japan reaching American shores. Experts say so far there is no reason to worry, and point out that we meet radiation every day. Where and how? NPR’s Renee Montagne posed that question to Peter Caracappa, a radiation safety officer and professor of nuclear engineering.

MONTAGNE: How many things emit radiation?

Dr CARACAPPA: Well, radiation and radioactive material is a part of nature. So everything that’s living has some amount of radiation coming from it—a very small amout. Plus there’s radiation in the ground and the air.

So the extremes are uranium in the soil to bananas?

Yes.

By the way, why do bananas have radiation?

Bananas have a lot of potassium(钾). And a small amount of potassium naturally is called potassium 40, which is radioactive

What’s the difference between radiation that’s harmful and not harmful?

Well, the term radiation can apply to a lot of different things. But the harmful radiation is ionizing(离子)radiation. It has enough energy that it can make chemical changes in material. We could get ionizing radiation from an X-ray, for example. It’s the kind of radiation that causes cancer.

The broader definition of radiation includes a lot of things that we call non-ionizing radiation. That includes everything like radio waves and visible light and your microwave.

So what then is the largest contributor of ionizing radiation?

For the natural sources of ionizing radiation, actually the biggest chunk of that tends to come from radon(氡), which is a radioactive material that is present in the air. It can become a concern when it builds up in low-lying areas of homes like basements.

Would it be fair to say that most people do not need to worry about the danger of being exposed to radiation?

I would say that the everyday exposure to radioation that we meet contributes an extremely tiny risk to our life or to our health compared to all of the other risks that we meet in our day-to-day life.

1.We can infer from the first paragraph that radiation is______.

A．rare

B．powerful

C．dangerous

D．common

2.The passage may be _______.

A．an interview

B．an argument

C．a talk show program

D．a science report

3.Whether radiation is harmful or not depends on______.

A．whether it has a small amount of potassium

B．whether it changes chemical in materials.

C．whether it has energy to change materials

D．whether it is visible in life

4.The purpose of writing this passage is to _______.

A．advise on how to protect us from radiation

B．analyze what causes radiation in daily life

C．warn people of the danger of radiation

D．expect people not to fear everyday radiation

 

Most people know that Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, and the first person to win it twice．However, few people know that she was also the mother of a Nobel Prize winner．

Born in September, 1897, Irene Curie was the first of the Curies’ two daughters．Along with nine other children whose parents were also famous scholars, Irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers．She finished her high school education at the College of Sévigné in Paris．

Irene entered the University of Paris in 1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics．When World War I began, Irene went to help her mother, who was using X-ray facilities（设备）to help save the lives of wounded soldiers．Irene continued the work by developing X-ray facilities in military hospitals in France and Belgium．Her services were recognized in the form of a Military’s Medal by the French government．

In 1918, Irene became her mother’s assistant at the Curie Institute．In December 1924, Frederic Joliot joined the Institute, and Irene taught him the techniques required for his work．They soon fell in love and were married in 1926．Their daughter Helene was born in 1927 and their son Pierre five years later．

Like her mother, Irene combined family and career．Like her mother, Irene was awarded a Nobel Prize, along with her husband, in 1935．Unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her work with radioactivity（辐射能）．Irene Joliot-Curie died from leukemia on March 17, 1956．

1.Why was Irene Curie awarded a Military Medal?

A．Because she received a degree in mathematics．

B．Because she contributed to saving the wounded．

C．Because she won the Nobel Prize with Frederic．

D．Because she worked as a helper to her mother．

2.Where did Irene Curie meet her husband Frederic Joliot?

A．At the Curie Institute．	B．At the university of Paris．
C．At a military hospital．	D．At the College of Sevigne．

3.When was the second child of Irene Curie and Frederic Joliot born?

A．In 1932．

B．In 1927．

C．In 1897．

D．In 1926．

4.In which of the following aspects was Irene Curie different from her mother?

A．Irene worked with radioactivity．	B．Irene combined family and career．
C．Irene won the Nobel Prize once	D．Irene died from leukemia

 

请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

       Blind from birth, I have never had the opportunity to see myself and have been completely dependent on the image I create in the eyes of others.

       There are those who   36    that since I can’t see, I obviously also cannot   37  . Very often people will talk with me at the top of their lungs. Conversely to this, people will also often   38  , assuming that since my eyes don’t work, my ears don’t either. For example, when I go to the airport and ask the ticket agent for   39  to the plane, he or she will always pick up the phone and call a ground hostess in a very low voice. "Hi, Jane, wave got a 76 here." I have concluded that the word "  40  " is not used because they are unwilling to inform me of my condition of which I may not have been previously   41  .

       On the other hand, others know that of course I can hear, but believe that I can’t talk. Once I became ill and was hospitalized. Immediately after I was    42  , I was wheeled down to the X-ray room. Just at the door sat an elderly woman(judging from  her voice) asked the orderly(护工) who had been wheeling me:" What is your name?" “What’s your name?” the orderly   43   to me. "Harold Krents", I replied. "Harold Krents", he repeated. "When was he born?" "When were you born?"…This continued for about five minutes before I finally interrupted, "Look, this is absolutely  44   . OK, I can’t see, but it’s go to become pretty  45   to both of you that I don’t need an interpreter(翻译)." “He says he doesn’t  need an interpreter," the orderly reported to the woman. 　

       The   46   misconception of all is the view that because I cant see, I can’t  47  . I was turned down by over forty law firms,   48   my qualifications included a cum laude degree from Harvard Law School. The  49  to find jobs, the continuous   50  of being told that it was impossible for a blind person to   51  law, the rejection letter, not based on my lack of   52  but rather on my disability, will always remain one of the most upsetting experiences of my life.

      53  , the Department of Labor issued laws that demand equal  54  opportunities for the disabled. The business community’s response has been   55  . The attitude towards the disabled is beginning to change.

A．A assume      B．observe     C．approve    D．propose

A．hear       B．talk   C．feel   D．care

A．shout     B．laugh C．whisper    D．cry

A．welcome       B．permission       C．advice      D．assistance

A．passenger      B．blind C．trouble     D．situation

A．afraid    B．aware       C．curious     D．desperate

A．invited   B．released    C．included   D．admitted

A．asked     B．responded C．repeated    D．exchanged

A．cheerful B．ridiculous C．charming  D．disgusting

A．clear    B．easy  C．confusing  D．doubtful

A．earliest B．slightest    C．latest D．toughest

A．think    B．study C．work D．understand

A．as if     B．even though     C．now that   D．in case

A．attempt       B．opportunity      C．mistake     D．success

A．disappointmentB．relief    C．envy  D．effort

A．disobey       B．challenge  C．practice    D．make

A．confidenceB．luck     C．ability      D．ambition

A．RegretfullyB．Deliberately   C．Exactly      D．Fortunately

A．medicationB．employment       C．learning    D．traveling

A．enthusiasticB．passive       C．negative    D．uncertain

My first reaction was annoyance. It was Friday afternoon, and I was within an hour of finishing my work for the week. As I was leaving, a nurse brought me one more patient message. The statement read: "Mm. Jones called to say that she has had blurred vision （视觉模糊） ever since her medical test this morning." I smiled.  Suddenly our tests were causing eye problems.

      This week my patients had questioned everything. My patient with high blood pressure had stopped coming to her treatment on the advice of an Internet chat room. A woman who had a mental problem was substituting （用......代替） St. John’s word for her medication. Now Mrs. Jones was imagining problems. I rolled my eyes.

    My second reaction was worry. As I looked through her record, I tried to figure out why she would have blurred vision, but nothing in her record explained the new problem. She’s probably just anxious, I thought. Still, she wouldn't have called if she had been all right. I picked up the phone.

    What I next felt can only be described as delight. Before I made the call, the nurse ran in: Mrs. Jones called. Her vision is fine. Turns out she picked up the wrong glasses when she left the office. The X-ray technician has been having the same problem. I let out a laugh. Mrs. Jones had been right. Her vision had been blurred. Now we know why.

Finally I felt shame. I came to realize what Mrs. Jones had taught me. I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded hex judgment. Instead, my medical training had clouded mine. Now I feel thankful that Mrs. Jones figured it out before I made a mistake about our relationship. Patients come to me for my help. They pay me to listen, diagnose （诊断）, treat and talk. That suggests trust; I must remember that, and trust them too.               

61. The writer smiled while reading the patient message because he knew_____.

       A. Mrs. Jones would ask for more tests

      B. the patient was being unreasonable

   C. the nurse was joking with him

   D. Mrs. Jones would call him

62. What has caused Mrs. Jones’ eye problem? 

      A. Wrong glasses.        B. Medical checkup.

       C. Her own imagination.                   D. Chatting on the Internet.

63. The underlined words "clouded her judgment" in the last paragraph probably mean_______.

       A. made her less trustful toward the doctor

       B. put her in control of her own feelings

      C. made her less able to think clearly

      D. put her in a dangerous situation