Animals can move from place to place ,but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack ,it can run away or fight back .Plants certainly cannot run away ,and they lack teeth and claws .But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.

       Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away .For example ,the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines（刺）that discourage grass-eating animals .Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches .This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.

       Some plants ,such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat .Some grasses may contain a sandy material ,eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth .

       Many plants also have chemical defenses .Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals .When a caterpillar（毛虫）bites a tobacco leaf ,the leaf produces a chemical messenger .This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine .The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.

       Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China ,for instance, has prickly （多刺的）leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom（毒液）A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.

68．The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals       .

       A．are not tall enough                               B．like the lower leaves only

       C．are not clever enough                           D．can get the lower leaves easily

69．To defend themselves ,oak trees use        .

       A．chemical means                                   B．physical means

       C．bitter chemicals                                   D．sandy materials

70．How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?

       A．Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.

       B．Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.

       C．Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.

       D．Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.

71．What would be the best title for this passage?

       A．Plants and Animals                               B．How Plants Defend Themselves

       C．Attacks and Defenses                           D．How Animals Eat Plant Leaves

Some years ago on a hot summer day in south Florida a little boy decided to go for a swim in the old swimming hole behind his house．In a hurry to dive into the cool water, he ran out of the back door, leaving behind shoes, socks, and shirt as he went．
He flew into the water, not realizing that as he swam toward the middle of the lake, a crocodile was swimming toward him．His mother in the house was looking out of the window and saw the two．In great fear, she ran toward the water, shouting to her son as loudly as she could．Hearing her voice, the little boy became alarmed and made a U-turn to swim to his mother．It was too late．Just as he reached her, the crocodile reached him．From the shore, the mother grabbed her little boy by the arms just as the crocodile snatched his legs．That began an incredible tug-of-war between the two．The crocodile was much stronger than the mother, but the mother was much too passionate to let go．A farmer happened to drive by, heard their screams, raced from his truck, took aim and shot the crocodile．
Remarkably, after weeks and weeks in the hospital, the little boy survived．His legs were extremely scarred by the attack of the animal．And, on his arms, were deep scratches where his mother’s fingernails dug into his flesh in her effort to hang on to the son she loved．
The newspaper reporter, who interviewed the boy, asked if he would show him his scars．The boy lifted his legs．And then, with obvious pride, he said to the reporter, “But look at my arms．I have great scars on my arms, too．I have them because my Mom wouldn’t let go．”
Never judge another person’s scars, because you don’t know how they were made．
【小题1】By saying “But look at my arms．I have great scars on my arms, too” in paragraph 4,the boy really wants to show__________．

When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because          a woman surnamed Genovese．  

    A． it somehow caused the murder of    

    B． its discovery resulted from the murder of

    C． it was actually discovered by      

    D． it always makes people think of

Genovese was murdered         ．  

    A． while she was going out B． in her apartment

    C． halfway home        D． near her apartment

Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

    A． They believed in the bystander effect．            

    B． They thought someone else might help her．

    C． They didn't think they should help．   

    D． They didn't think she needed help．

Before deciding to offer help, observers may         , according to the psychologists． 

    A． wait for sort of a signal      

    B． hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

    C． want to be sure it's appropriate to react  

    D． wonder if the victim is worth helping

The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

    A． no  B． fewer   C． more    D． braver

ISLANDS in the world are famous for different things. But Hawaii is special for its variety of features. Beautiful sandy beaches, active volcanoes, a great canyon and special history and culture add up to create its famously romantic atmosphere.

Formed by volcanoes at the bottom of the sea, the Hawaii islands are like a necklace(项链) in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, 6,000 kilometres off the west coast of Mexico. There are eight main islands in the group Hawaii (or Big Island), Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau.

The youngest and biggest island, also called Hawaii was formed 430,000 years ago and is still growing. Kauai, the oldest was formed 5.1 million years ago. For tourists, the sight of the lava that still flows from some of the volcanoes down to the sea, is a major attraction.

Hawaii is the newest and smallest state in the US. In 1900 the islands joined the US. In modern history it will always be remembered for the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese air force 1941.

About 1,000 years ago the islands were settled by Polynesians Captain James Cook led the first group of Westerners there in 1778.

Native Hawaiians have a special culture and languages. Although nowadays English is the official language of Hawaii, folk music and dancing are still widely practiced. The traditional dance of the islands is the hula, a Hawaiian word that means dance.

Hawaii's reputation for romance was spread when Hollywood started to use its typical music in movies in the 1960s.

Today, Hawaii is famous for its mix of cultures. Chinese, Japanese and Filipinos all live there. Chinese arrived in the islands as early as the late 18th century. Dr Sun Yat－sen, the famous Chinese revolutionary, grew up there.

Everyone in Hawaii is a member of an ethnic minority and generally they exist in a pleasant harmony of races and cultures.

6. Which of the following directly led to the formation of the Hawaii islands?

A. The sea. 

B. The volcanoes.

C. The violent meeting of the earth's different plates.

D. The nonstop turning of the earth.

7. Which of the following shows the correct order of the listed events?

a. Japan attacked Hawaii.

b. The Hawaii islands became part of the US.

c. Hawaii began to be known for romance.

d. First group of Chinese settled there.

A. d, b, c, a           B. b, d, a, c

C. d, b, a, c            D. b, a, d, c

8. What's the official language of Hawaii nowadays?

A. English.           B. Japanese.   

C. Polynesian.        D. Chinese.

9. Native Hawaiians come from ________.

A. Asia              B. the West

C. South America       D. Polynesia

10. The main idea of the story is about Hawaii's ________.

A. history             B. geography   

C. culture             D. features