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    阅读理解。
         Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do 
    before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken 
    instructions some time before they can speak, though the word "obey" is hardly accurate as a description 
    of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children 
    will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
         Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads 
    to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months 
    one or two noises sort themselves as particularly expressive as delight, pain, friendliness, and so on. But 
    since these can't be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as 
    early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for 
    enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store. This self-imitation
    (模仿) leads on to deliberate (有意的) imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other 
    people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be 
    considered as speech.
         It is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular 
    person means by it in a parti cular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change
     as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at seven months of “mama” as a greeting for 
    his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for 
    his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say 
    continues  after the child has begun to speak for himself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained 
    when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.   
    1. Before children start speaking _____.
    A. they need equal amount of listening
    B. they need different amounts of listening
    C. they are all eager to cooperate with the adults by obeying spoken instructions
    D. they can’t understand and obey the adult’s oral instructions
    2. Children who start speaking late _____.
    A. may have problems with their listening
    B. probably do not hear enough language spoken around them
    C. usually pay close attention to what they hear 
    D. often take a long time in learning to listen properly
    3. A baby's first noises are _____.
    A. an expression of his moods and feelings　　
    B. an early form of language
    C. a sign that he means to tell you something　　
    D. an imitation of the speech of adults
    4. The problem of deciding at what point a baby's imitations can be considered as speech _____.
    A. is important because words have different meanings for different people
    B .is not especially important because the changeover takes place gradually
    C. is one that should be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age
    D. is one that should  be completely ignored (忽略) because children's use of words is often meaningless
    5. The speaker implies _____.
    A. parents can never hope to teach their children new sounds
    B. children no longer imitate people after they begin to speak
    C. children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly
    D. even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitating

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    An Australian man who has been donating his extremely rare kind of blood for 56 years has saved the lives of more than two million babies.

    James Harrison has an antibody in his plasma that stops babies dying from Rhesus disease, a form of severe anaemia. He has enabled countless mothers to give birth to healthy babies, including his own daughter, Tracey, who had a healthy son thanks to her father's blood.

    Mr. Harrison has been giving blood every few weeks since he was 18 years old and has now racked up a total of 984 donations. When he started donating, his blood was deemed so special that his life was insured for one million Australian dollars.

    He was also nicknamed the “man with the golden arm” or the “man in two million”. He said: “I've never thought about stopping. Never.” He made a pledge to be a donor aged 14 after undergoing major chest surgery in which he needed 13 litres of blood. “I was in hospital for three months,” he said. “The blood I received saved my life so I made a pledge to give blood when I was 18.”

    Just after he started donating he was found to have the rare and life-saving antibody in his blood. At the time, thousands of babies in Australia were dying each year of Rhesus disease. Other newborns suffered permanent brain damage because of the condition. The disease creates an incompatibility between the mother's blood and her unborn baby's blood. It stems from one having Rh-positive blood and the other Rh-negative.

    His blood has since led to the development of a vaccine called Anti-D. After his blood type was discovered, Mr. Harrison volunteered to undergo a series of tests to help develop the Anti-D vaccine. “They insured me for a million dollars so I knew my wife Barbara would be taken care of,” he said. “I wasn't scared. I was glad to help. I had to sign every form going and basically sign my life away.”

    Mr. Harrison is Rh-negative and was given injections of Rh-positive blood. It was found his plasma could treat the condition and since then it has been given to hundreds of thousands of women. It has also been given to babies after they are born to stop them developing the disease.

    It is estimated he has helped save 2.2 million babies so far. Mr. Harrison is still donating every few weeks now.

    How old is James Harrison？

    A. 56           B. 70           C. 74           D. 78

    What does the underlined phrase “two million” refer to?

    A. babies           B. mothers      C. dollars          D. all of the above

       Why did James decide to donate his blood? Because _____.

        A. his daughter asked him to help her son

        B. he has a golden arm worth a million dollars

        C. a vaccine called Anti-D is to be developed

        D. someone else’s blood saved his life

    The sentence “The disease creates an incompatibility between the mother's blood and her unborn baby's blood” (underlined in Paragraph 5) suggests that _____.

        A. babies suffer permanent brain damage before born

        B. the mother and the baby have different types of blood

        C. Rhesus disease contributes to permanent brain damage

        D. all the patients have a rare antibody in their blood

       What can we infer from the sixth paragraph?

        A. Some of the tests to develop the vaccine are dangerous.

        B. His wife Barbara needed to be taken care of badly then.

        C. Mr. Harrison was glad to help develop a new vaccine.

        D. His blood type was accidentally discovered after tests.

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    Sir, you ______ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.


    1. A.
      oughtn't to
    2. B.
      can't
    3. C.
      won't
    4. D.
      needn't

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    Your idea surprised me, it is a(n) _____.

    　　A. idea surprised　 　　　　　　　　　　　 B. surprised idea

    　　C. surprising idea　　　　　　　　　　　　 D. idea surprising

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    Help or Not

    Dear editor,

    During last year's winter holiday, I went shopping with my grandmother. We saw several beggars. Some of them were disabled, which made me feel sad. Among them were old people, young people and even children! When I wanted to help them, my grandmother stopped me. She told me they were not worth showing mercy to because some beggars cheated people out of their money. Should I help them?

                                                                                               Yours,

                                                                                               Mary from Guangzhou

    Dear Mary,

           While I understand your grandmother’s point of view, I think that just because some beggars have cheated people, this doesn’t mean you should never help any beggars.

           Showing mercy to people who are not as fortunate as us is one of the kindest things we can do. While some beggars may use dishonest means to get money, most beggars will not. Even those who use dishonest means are probably hungry for food and feel they have no choice but to cheat people. It is important to be careful for your own safety. But if you want to help, you don’t necessarily have to give it to beggars in the street.

           Another way you can help is by donating money to the China Charity Federation. Visit its website at: www. china charity. cn.net.

    18.From the grandmother’s point of view, we can learn that ________.

    A. she has never helped the beggars.    

    B. she believes not all beggars are honest

    C. she has surely been cheated by some beggars  

    D. she shows no pity for the poor

    19. Mary felt sad for _______.

           A. her grandmother                                                 B. the disabled beggars 

    C. the old people                                              D. herself

    20. The editor suggests that Mary should _______.

           A. have her own mind                                      B. follow her grandmother

           C. do something for those unfortunate                D. help the China Charity Federation

    21. The underlined word “donating” probably means _______.

           A. give out of kindness                                     B. put into a business

    C. earn through an organization                         D. give in return for some kindness

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