When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander （旁观者）effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1.. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because   a woman surnamed Genovese．  

      A. it somehow caused the murder of   

      B. its discovery resulted from the murder of

      C. it was actually discovered by     

      D. it always makes people think of

2.. Genovese was murdered          .     ．  

      A. while she was going out                B. in her apartment

      C. halfway home                       D. near her apartment

3.. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A. They believed in the bystander effect．               

      B. They thought someone else might help her．

      C. They didn't think they should help．  

      D. They didn't think she needed help．

4.. Before deciding to offer help, observers may           , according to the psychologists． 

      A. wait for sort of a signal     

      B. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

      C. want to be sure it's appropriate to react 

      D. wonder if the victim is worth helping

5.. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been         observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．   

    A. no              B. fewer                C. more             D. braver

 

Researchers at the University of Bedforshire have developed a new technique for powering electronic device（装置）. The system, developed by Professor Ben Allen at the Centre for Wireless Research, uses radio（无线电） waves as power.

Believed to be a world first, the team claims it could eventually eliminate (or get rid of )the need for conventional batteries. The university has now filed a patent application to secure the only rights to the technique.

Professor Allen and his team have created a system to use medium wave frequencies to replace batteries in small everyday devices like clocks and remote controls.

The new technique uses the “waste” energy of radio waves and has been developed as part of the university’s research into “power harvesting”. Professor Allen said that as radio waves have energy―like light waves, sound waves or wind waves―then, in theory, these waves could be used to create power.

“The emerging（新兴的）area of power harvesting technology promises to reduce our reliance on conventional batteries,” he said. “It’s really exciting way of taking power from sources other than what we would normally think of.”

The team is now waiting for the results of the patent application to secure recognition of the technique. Professor Allen said that the team’s achievements had all been done in their “spare time”. “Our next stage is to try and raise some real funds so that we can take this work forward and make a working prototype（模型）and maybe partner up with the right people and take this to a full product in due course,” he said.

“Power harvesting has a really important part in our future, because, just in this country, we dispose of somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 tonnes of batteries in landfill（垃圾填理）sites every single year－that is toxic chemicals going into the ground.”

He added that development of the product could also be “commercially beneficial”. “The market for this is several billion pounds. We’ve seen market predictions for 2020 which have these kinds of figures, so there’s a lot of commercial potential in this area,” he said.

Pro-Vice Chancellor at the University of Bedfordshire, Professor Carsten Maple, said, “This type of work is a reflection of the university’s growing reputation and experience in conducting innovative（创新的）research.”

1.From the text we know the new technique for powering electronic devices_____.

A．can be applied to all electronic devices.

B．uses radio waves to create power.

C．has replaced conventional batteries.

D．produces many toxic chemicals.

2.According to Professor Allen, power harvesting technology______.

A．makes every use of radio waves.

B．takes power from usual sources.

C．reduces our dependency on conventional batteries.

D．aims at huge commercial benefits.

3.What can we learn about Professor Allen and his team from the text?

A．They have made use of radio waves in their daily life.

B．They have raised a big fund to support their research.

C．They have gained a patent for their new technology.

D．They mainly did their research in their spare time.

4.What is Professor Carsten Maple’s attitude toward the new technique?

A．Critical.

B．Favorable.

C．Conservative.

D．Negative.

5.What is the text mainly about?

A．A new technique to create power.

B．A crisis concerning conventional batteries.

C．Some special sources of power.

D．The development of power harvesting.

 

Read the following directions on a bottle of medicine：
“Take two tablets(药片)with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required, For maximum(最大量) night-time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛), take two tablets at bed - time, Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount for a grownup. For children under six years old, ask for your doctor’s advice.
Reduce the amount if nervousness, restlessness, or sleeplessness occurs,”
【小题1】The directions on this medicine bottle clearly warn the patient not to take more than _____ .

A．twenty-four tablets a day.	B．eight tablets a day.
C．six tablets a day.	D．three tablets a day.

【小题2】We can infer from the directions that ______ .

A．the medicine could cause some people to feel nervous.

B．children may take the same amount that grown-ups take.

C．one may not take this medicine before going to bed.

D．the medicine is a liquid.

【小题3】If one cannot sleep, it is suggested that he _____ .

A．take two tablets before going to bed.

B．take less than two tablets before going to bed.

C．stop taking the medicine.

D．ask advice of a doctor.

【小题4】Obviously the medicine _______ .

A．may be dangerous to small children.

B．cannot be taken by children under twelve years old.

C．may be taken by children but not by grown-ups.

D．may be taken by grown-ups but not by children.

TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language, which assesses the proficiency (熟练) of English language of a person in an academic setting. Various institutions, scholarship programs require this test as a trusted and effective indicator of a person’s ability to communicate in English.

TOEFL is available in CBT----Computer-based Technology, PBT----Paper-based Technology and IBT----Internet-based Test formats（形式）to assess the proficiency of English Language. IBT TOEFL is a four-hour test comprising sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing. In areas where internet-based test is not available, a paper-based test (PBT) is given. PBT is a three-hour test comprising four sections: Listening, Structure and Written Expression, Reading Comprehension and Writing.

Taking TOEFL test opens many doors to get admission in foreign universities. More than 7500 colleges, universities and agencies in more than 130 countries rely on TOEFL test scores to check proficiency for English Language. It is very convenient to take this test and it is available in 165 countries world wide.

It measures your academic skills that whether you are ready to study or train at under graduate or post graduate level in foreign universities or not. In the test candidates are provided with a passage from text books and questions based on lectures, and you can be asked to speak or write in response related to that passage.

As the test is made up of 100 % academic questions, so many universities consider it the most effective test, while taking any admission. To take TOEFL test you should:

-----Improve your writing skills;

-----Improve your vocabulary;

-----Practice other reading passages on the TOEFL Test;

-----Be familiar with the format of the test;

-----Practice for listening test on the TOEFL test.

To take admission in World’s famous Harvard University, the minimum TOEFL score required is 587 on the paper-based test, 240 on the computer-based test, or 94-95 on the internet-based TOEFL.

1.The underlined word “comprising” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.

A. including        B. forming          C. combining   D. explaining

2.Which section is Not included in IBT TOEFL?

A. Reading.                     B. Writing.        

C. Speaking.                D. Structure and Written Expression.

3. According to the passage, many students are required to take TOEFL test probably because the test can________.

A. improve their academic skills

B. indicate their proficiency of English language

C. provide scholarship programs in many countries

D. decide your graduation from foreign universities

4.What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Advantages of TOEFL test         B. Introduction to TOEFL test

C. Preparations for TOEFL test        D. Assessment of TOEFL test

 

 

I got my first real job when I was ten.My dad,Benjamin,injured his back when working in a cardboard-box factory and was retrained as a hairstylist.He   1  space in a little strip mall and gave his shop the fancy   2   of Mr.Ben’s Coiffure.The owner of the shopping center gave Dad a on his rent for cleaning the parking lot three  4   a week,which meant getting up at 3 am.To  5    rubbish,Dad used a little machine that looked like a lawn mower.Mom and I  6   

garbage cans and picked up litter by hand.   7  took two to three hours to clean the lot.I’d  8

in the car on the way home.?

I did this for two years,  9  the lessons I learned there have lasted a lifetime.I  10 discipline and a strong work ethic,and learned at an early age the importance of   11  life’s competing interests —in my case,school, homework and a job.This really 12 during my senior year of high school,    13     I worked 40 hours a week flipping (翻动) burgers at a fast-?food joint while 14  a full load of college-prep courses.?

The hard work   15   off.I attended the US Military Academy and went on to  16    graduate degrees in law and business from Harvard. Later,I    17   a big Los Angeles law firm and was elected to the California State Assembly.In these   18   and in everything else I’ve done,I have never forgotten those nights in the parking lot.The    19   taught me that there is dignity in all work and that if people are working to   20   for themselves and their families,that is something we should honor. ?

1. A.bought           B.had          C.rented                         D.built?

2. A.sign               B.mark         C.name                   D.board?

3. A.discount         B.bill?        C.praise                  D.punishment?

4. A.days               B.hours         C.mornings             D.nights?

5. A.make up            B.fill up?    C.pick up                     D.take off?

6. A.emptied                 B.collected C.carried                   D.filled?

7. A.This                B.That       C.I                    D.It

8. A.cry                        B.laugh    C.complain               D.sleep?

9. A.though                  B.but       C.so                    D.then?

10. A.acquired              B.wanted        C.liked                   D.called?

11. A.gaining                B.balancing?C.avoiding            D.abandoning?

12. A.worked                B.did      C.happened                     D.helped?

13. A.then                    B.when     C.while                   D.as?

14. A.having                 B.joining    C.taking                 D.doing?

15. A.paid                    B.took      C.laid                     D.kicked?

16. A.ask                   B.seek     C.accept                     D.receive?

17. A.went                    B.joined     C.opened                 D.charged?

18. A.ways                   B.jobs      C.schools                D.firms?

19. A.lessons                 B.memory?C.experience                  D.teachers?

20. A.support                B.earn      C.give                           D.provide?