While working outdoors, Linda was ______ by the heat and fell to the ground, unconscious.

  A. astonished       B. depressed          C. overcome          D. hit

 Often organized outdoors or at big venues ______ their popularity, music festivals provide one day or even several days of non-stop entertainment.

  A. due to                   B. in spite of          C. in honor of               D. apart from

People who are outdoors in cold weather should avoid actions like suddenly lifting a heavy basket full of snow. Even walking through heavy, wet snow can strain a person’s heart.

Many people aren’t conditioned to the physical stress of outdoor activities and don’t know the dangers of being outdoors in cold weather. Those who like winter sports can suffer accidental hypothermia if they don’t make certain preparations.

Hypothermia means the body temperature has fallen below normal. It occurs when your body can’t produce enough energy to keep the internal (内部的) body temperature warm enough. It can kill you. Heart failure causes most deaths in hypothermia.

Children, the elderly and those with heart disease are at special risk. As people age, their ability to keep a normal internal body temperature often decreases. Elderly people can suffer hypothermia without knowing they’re in danger because they can’t notice the cold conditions as quickly as the young.

Besides cold temperatures, high winds, snow and rain can also steal body heat. Wind is especially dangerous because it removes the layer of heated air from around your body. At 30 degrees Fahrenheit in a 20-mile-per-hour wind, the cooling effect is equal to calm air at four degrees. Similarly dampness (湿气) causes the body to lose heat faster than it would at the same temperature in drier conditions.

To keep warm, wear more clothes. This traps air between layers. Also, wear a hat or head scarf. Much of your body’s heat can be lost through your head. Keep your hands and feet warm, too, as they tend to lose heat rapidly.

Don’t drink alcohol before going outdoors or when outside. Alcohol makes you feel warm at first because blood vessels in the skin expand. But heat is then drawn away from the body’s important organs.

The underlined word “strain” in Paragraph 1 means ________.

A. injure     B. warm      C. control    D. burn

What is implied in the passage about hypothermia?

A.    It means the body temperature falls rapidly.

B.    Most heart attacks are caused by it.

C.    It is not as scary as people think.

D.    It can threaten a person’s life.

Based on the passage, one of the reasons why the elderly are at special risk of suffering from hypothermia is that _______.

A.    they like exercising outside in cold mornings

B.    they can’t notice cold conditions if they are not told

C.    their body temperature is generally lower than young people’s

D.    their ability to keep a normal internal body temperature is not so good

What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?

A.    What causes the body to lose heat faster.

B.    The advantages of drier conditions.

C.    What else can steal body heat.

D.    Dangers of high winds.

Which of the following is NOT a result of drinking alcohol before going outdoors?

A.    Feeling warm at first

B.    The body’s heat is taken away

C.    Blood vessels in the skin expand

D.    The risk of hypothermia is reduced

As you dash outdoors in the middle of winter, you might make it halfway down the block before realizing that your ears are freezing because you forgot your hat.

Now, scientists have shown that even though you’ve had an apparent memory lapse（丧失）, your brain never forgot what you should have done.

Memory works mainly by association. For example, as you try to remember where you left your keys, you might recall you last had them in the living room, which reminds you that there was an ad for soap on television, which reminds you that you need soap, and so on. And then, as you’re heading out of the door to buy soap, you remember that your keys are on the kitchen counter. Your brain knew where the keys were all along. It just took a round-about way to get there.

Now, scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies are studying associative memory in monkeys to figure out just how this complicated process works.

First, the researchers trained a group of monkeys to remember arbitrary（任意的） pairs of symbols. The researchers showed the monkeys one symbol（cold weather） and then gave them the choice of two other symbols, one of which （a hat） would be associated with the first. A correct choice would earn them a sip of their favorite juice.

Most of the monkeys performed the test perfectly, but one kept making mistakes.

“We wondered what happened in the brain when the monkey made the wrong choice, although it apparently learned the right pairing of symbols,” said study leader Thomas Albright.

Albright and his team observed signals from the nerve cells in the monkey’s inferior temporal cortex （ITC）, an area of its brain used for visual pattern recognition and for storing this type of memory.

As the monkey was deciding which symbol to choose, about a quarter of the activity in the ITC was due to the choice behavior.

Meanwhile, more than half the activity was in a different group of nerve cells, which scientists believe represent the monkey’s memory of the correct symbol pairing, and surprisingly, these cells continued to work well even when the monkey chose the wrong symbol.

“In this sense, the cells ‘knew’ more than the monkeys let on in their behavior,” Albright said. “Thus, behavior may vary, but knowledge endures.”

What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Your brain remembers what you forget.

B. Activity is a round-about way to memory.  

C. Monkeys have better memory than us.

D. Your brain may forget something, but not always.

The example of the keys and soap is given to explain the relationship between _______.

A. memory and our daily life   B. memory and television ads

C. memory and association       D. memory lapse and human brain

The researchers believe the monkey that made the wrong choice ________.

A. had some trouble with its nerve system  B. failed to see the objects well

C. had the worst memory     D. also knew the correct answer

The underlined word “endures” may be best replaced by __________.

A. increases        B. remains      C. disappears       D. improves

People who are outdoors in cold weather should avoid actions like suddenly lifting a heavy basket full of snow. Even walking through heavy, wet snow can strain a person’s heart.
Many people aren’t conditioned to the physical stress of outdoor activities and don’t know the dangers of being outdoors in cold weather. Those who like winter sports can suffer accidental hypothermia if they don’t make certain preparations.
Hypothermia means the body temperature has fallen below normal. It occurs when your body can’t produce enough energy to keep the internal (内部的) body temperature warm enough. It can kill you. Heart failure causes most deaths in hypothermia.
Children, the elderly and those with heart disease are at special risk. As people age, their ability to keep a normal internal body temperature often decreases. Elderly people can suffer hypothermia without knowing they’re in danger because they can’t notice the cold conditions as quickly as the young.
Besides cold temperatures, high winds, snow and rain can also steal body heat. Wind is especially dangerous because it removes the layer of heated air from around your body. At 30 degrees Fahrenheit in a 20-mile-per-hour wind, the cooling effect is equal to calm air at four degrees. Similarly dampness (湿气) causes the body to lose heat faster than it would at the same temperature in drier conditions.
To keep warm, wear more clothes. This traps air between layers. Also, wear a hat or head scarf. Much of your body’s heat can be lost through your head. Keep your hands and feet warm, too, as they tend to lose heat rapidly.
Don’t drink alcohol before going outdoors or when outside. Alcohol makes you feel warm at first because blood vessels in the skin expand. But heat is then drawn away from the body’s important organs.
1. The underlined word “strain” in Paragraph 1 means ________.
A. injure     B. warm      C. control    D. burn
2. What is implied in the passage about hypothermia?

A.	It means the body temperature falls rapidly.
B.	Most heart attacks are caused by it.
C.	It is not as scary as people think.
D.	It can threaten a person’s life.

3. Based on the passage, one of the reasons why the elderly are at special risk of suffering from hypothermia is that _______.

A.	they like exercising outside in cold mornings
B.	they can’t notice cold conditions if they are not told
C.	their body temperature is generally lower than young people’s
D.	their ability to keep a normal internal body temperature is not so good

4.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?

A.	What causes the body to lose heat faster.
B.	The advantages of drier conditions.
C.	What else can steal body heat.
D.	Dangers of high winds.

5. Which of the following is NOT a result of drinking alcohol before going outdoors?

A.	Feeling warm at first
B.	The body’s heat is taken away
C.	Blood vessels in the skin expand
D.	The risk of hypothermia is reduced