A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work..

He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. It is easy to get such an idea even though there is no justification for it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to take the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person s mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for success, and he won’t work hardest, even though he may think he is doing so. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous psychiatrist（精神病医生）, had an experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn’t it too bad that Alfred can’t do arithmetic?" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day he became very angry at the teacher and other students because they laughed when he said he saw how to do a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve.

Adler succeeded in solving a problem. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn’t do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His anger and his new found confidence stimulated him to be at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic. He not only proved that he could do arithmetic, but he learned early in life from his own experience that , if a person goes at a job with determination and purpose, he may astonish himself as well as others by his ability.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have. And that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one’s ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.

The underlined word “justification” most probably means ________.

       A. reason                             B. rightness                  C. need                 D. demand

What is the main idea of this passage?

       A. The basic principles in doing math problems.

       B. Our idea about ourselves may have a negative influence on our work.

       C. Our ideas do not always have and influence on us.

       D. All actions are caused by impulse.

What does Alfred Adler’s story tell us?

       A. Many people have more ability than they think they have.

       B. Anybody can become a mathematician, if he has determination.

       C. Arithmetic is actually very easy.

       D. Most teachers are wrong when they evaluator their students.

Why did he become angry one day?

       A. Because the teacher and other students laughed at him.

       B. Because they challenged him to do a difficult arithmetic problem.

       C. Because he couldn’t solve the arithmetic problem.

       D. Because he was very poor at arithmetic.

What idea did Alfred’s teacher have?

       A. He was slow in arithmetic.      

B. He should work harder.

       C. He should be transferred to a special school.

       D. He should not tell his parents that he was slow.

A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work..
He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. It is easy to get such an idea even though there is no justification for it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to take the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person s mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.
A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won’t go at a job with the confidence necessary for success, and he won’t work hardest, even though he may think he is doing so. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.
Alfred Adler, a famous psychiatrist（精神病医生）, had an experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn’t it too bad that Alfred can’t do arithmetic?" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.
One day he became very angry at the teacher and other students because they laughed when he said he saw how to do a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve.
Adler succeeded in solving a problem. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn’t do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His anger and his new found confidence stimulated him to be at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic. He not only proved that he could do arithmetic, but he learned early in life from his own experience that , if a person goes at a job with determination and purpose, he may astonish himself as well as others by his ability.
This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have. And that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one’s ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.

1. 1.

   The underlined word “justification” most probably means ________.

   1. A.
      reason
   2. B.
      rightness
   3. C.
      need
   4. D.
      demand
2. 2.

   What is the main idea of this passage?

   1. A.
      The basic principles in doing math problems.
   2. B.
      Our idea about ourselves may have a negative influence on our work.
   3. C.
      Our ideas do not always have and influence on us.
   4. D.
      All actions are caused by impulse.
3. 3.

   What does Alfred Adler’s story tell us?

   1. A.
      Many people have more ability than they think they have.
   2. B.
      Anybody can become a mathematician, if he has determination.
   3. C.
      Arithmetic is actually very easy.
   4. D.
      Most teachers are wrong when they evaluator their students.
4. 4.

   Why did he become angry one day?

   1. A.
      Because the teacher and other students laughed at him.
   2. B.
      Because they challenged him to do a difficult arithmetic problem.
   3. C.
      Because he couldn’t solve the arithmetic problem.
   4. D.
      Because he was very poor at arithmetic.
5. 5.

   What idea did Alfred’s teacher have?

   1. A.
      He was slow in arithmetic.
   2. B.
      He should work harder.
   3. C.
      He should be transferred to a special school.
   4. D.
      He should not tell his parents that he was slow.

1．Would you please give me some a__________ on how to solve this problem?

2．I am not f__________ with the story, for I have never heard it before.

3．Everyone on the earth is born e_________ and has the same rights.

4．A lot of firemen came to r__________ the people trapped in the fire.

5．It’s too difficult for us to finish the task in time; b_______, we don’t have enough money.

6．This book has ___________ （证明） of some use to them in their studies.

7．_______ （个人） speaking, I can’t agree to the plan any more.

8．She was ____________ （录取） to Beijing University because of her hard work.

9．He didn't make ______________（准备） for this exam, so he failed.

10．They didn’t ask me for help, but I think I should offer ___________  （无论如何）. 

Sometimes people cheat in daily life. When people cheat, it’s not fair to other people, like the kids who studied for the test or who were the true winners of a game.
Many people like the action of cheating. It makes difficult things seem easy, like getting all the right answers on the test. But it doesn’t solve the problem of not knowing the material and it won’t help on the next test --- unless the person cheats again.
Some people lose respect for cheaters and think less of them. The cheaters themselves may feel bad because they know they are not really earning that good grade. And, if they get caught cheating, they will be in trouble at school, and maybe at home, too.
Some kids cheat because they’re busy or lazy and they want to get good grades without spending the time studying. Other kids might feel like they can’t pass the test without cheating. Even when there seems to be a “good reason” for cheating, cheating isn’t a good idea.
If you were sick or upset about something the night before and couldn’t study, it would be better to talk with the teacher about this. And if you don’t have enough time to study for a test because of swim practice, you need to talk with your parents about how to balance swimming and school.
A kid who thinks cheating is the only way to pass a test needs to talk with the teacher and his or her parents so they can find some solutions(解决办法) together. Talking about these problems and working them out will feel better than cheating.
【小题1】The author thinks that when kids cheat in class, _______.