For years, there has been a bias (偏见) against science among clinical psychologists (临床心理学家). In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychologists led by Timothy B. Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to “provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness” and “give more weight to their personal experiences than to science.” As a result, patients have no guarantee that their “treatment will be informed by … science.” Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment. “The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,” he told me, and “there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science.”

The “widening” reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying (确认) the most effective treatments. Thanks to strict clinical trials, we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new, healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression, panic disorder and other problems, with multiple trials showing that these treatments — the tools of psychology — bring more lasting benefits than drugs.

You wouldn’t know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist. Although many treatments are effective, relatively few psychologists learn or practice them.

Why in the world not? For one thing, says Baker, clinical psychologists are “very doubtful about the role of science” and “lack solid science training”. Also, one third of patients get better no matter what treatment (if any) they have, “and psychologists remember these successes, believing, wrongly, that they are the result of the treatment.”

When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science, clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study what works. A 2008 study of 591 psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues’ experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient. If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine, warns Mischel, psychology will “discredit itself.”

Many clinical psychologists fail to provide the most effective treatments because ________.

A. they are unfamiliar with their patients                   B. they believe in science and evidence

C. they depend on their colleagues’ help              D. they rely on their personal experiences

The widening gap between clinical practice and science is due to _______.

A. the cruel judgment by Walter Mischel

B. the fact that most patients get better after being treated

C. the great progress that has been made in psychological research

D. the fact that patients prefer to take drugs rather than have other treatments

How do clinical psychologists respond when charged that their treatments are not supported by science?

A. They feel embarrassed.                                        B. They try to defend themselves.

C. They are disappointed.                                         D. They doubt their treatments.

In Mischel’s opinion, psychology will ____.

  A. destroy its own reputation if no improvement is made

B. develop faster with the support of insurance companies

  C. work together with insurance companies to provide better treatment

  D. become more reliable if insurance companies won’t demand evidence-based medicine

In 1991, Kentucky Fried Chicken announced that it was officially changing its name to “KFC” as well as updating its packaging and logo(标识)with a more modern look. The public relations reason was that health-conscious consumers associated the word “fried” with “unhealthy”, causing some of them to completely avoid the wide variety of “healthy” menu items. The new title and image were designed to attract customers to a restaurant now offering foods branded as “better for you”.

It sounded good, but the real reason behind the shift to KFC had nothing to do with critical consumers. In 1990, the Commonwealth of Kentucky, trapped in debt, took the unusual step of trade marking its name. Therefore, anyone using the word “Kentucky” for business reasons would have to obtain permission and pay licensing fees to the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It was an unusual and brilliant scheme to lighten government debt, but it was also one that alienated (疏远)one of the most famous companies ever associated with Kentucky. The Kentucky Fried Chicken chain refused as a matter of principle to pay royalties on a name they had been using for four decades. After a year of fruitless talks, Kentucky Fried Chicken changed their name instead, introducing new packaging and products to hide the real reasons behind the change of the name.

Kentucky fried Chicken was not the only one who bravely refused to give in. The name of the most famous horse race in North America, held every year at Churchill Downs, was changed to “The Run for the Roses” for similar reasons.

In November 2006, KFC and the State of Kentucky finally reached a settlement over the use of the trademarked word “Kentucky”, and the restaurant chain announced it would be reusing its former name of “Kentucky Fried Chicken”.

1.The public relations reason for Kentucky Fried Chicken’s updating its packaging and logo was that      .

A．it was losing money

B．most customers didn’t like the old logo

C．it wanted to get involved in other businesses

D．it decided to offer better foods to customers

2.The Commonwealth of Kentucky trademarked its name to       .

A．develop American culture

B．be alienated from the famous companies

C．raise money to pay the government debt

D．make Kentucky known throughout the world

3.The real reason why “Kentucky Fried Chicken” changed its name was related to      .

A．health            B．money            C．package           D．product

4.It can be inferred from the passage that      .

A．KFC is still not allowed to use the name of “Kentucky Fried Chicken”

B．“Kentucky Fried Chicken” changed its name after several years of talks

C．the name “Kentucky Fried Chicken” had only been used for a short time

D．the original name of the horse race “The Run for the Roses” contained the word “Kentucky”

 

The consumer(消费者) plays a very important role in the global efforts to reduce C0₂ emissions(排放). Households use one third of the final energy and produce around two thirds of city waste in the European Union. Besides，housing, food，and private transport make up almost 80％ of environmental pressures. Therefore there’s no doubt that consumers can make a real difference in fighting climate change．

To direct consumers towards more environmentally-friendly decisions，we need clear and simple instructions to guide consumption behavior. Actually, two thirds of consumers find it hard to figure out which products are better for the environment, for 58% Europeans think that many businesses just pretend to be green so as to charge higher prices. Thus industry should work harder to give consumers more information about the carbon footprint of their product. For example, inform customers of products made from materials that are recycled，renewable, and／or less carbon-intensive.

People prefer high-quality products that will last long and won’t go out of style, though they might sometimes cost more, especially in time of crisis. Firms that make durable（持久耐用的） or recyclable products cause people to behave more responsibly, which may help put an end to our “throw-way” culture．

However, it is not enough to remind people of green products. It’s more important to direct people to follow a practical lifestyle model. Regulations alone cannot achieve this purpose. We call for good business communities to create a loyal group of “sustainable(可持续的) consumers”.

1.According to the passage, the key to going greener globally is     ．

A. to provide enough information about sustainable products

B. to get the government involved in protecting the environment

C. to encourage consumers to make their efforts to live a green way

D. to direct companies to provide environmentally-friendly products

2.The second paragraph tried to tell us that       ．

A. people are buying sustainable products to have a lighter carbon footprint

B. most European consumers lack confidence in making responsible choices

C. companies have done enough to allow consumers to make greener choices

D. companies can make more money by making less carbon-intensive products

3.It’s advised that companies had better        especially in the time of crisis.

A. throw away old materials    

B. reduce the cost of production

C. make more durable products      

D. replace their products frequently

4.The last paragraph puts emphasis on ___________.

A. the quality of products.        

B. the honesty of companies.

C. the government regulations.     

D. the importance of lifestyle.

 

Several days ago, a Beijing-based IT com??pany fired about 400 people overnight. No one had expected the job cuts, which broke with traditional ways of letting go of workers in Chi??na. Moreover, what was special about this case was that the day before the 400 were fired, they all received from their boss a gift—the book “Who Moved My Cheese?”

The book—a bestseller in the US—is being used by men and women to deal with changes in their lives and work. Some large organizations, including Coca-Cola, Kodak and General Mo??tors, ask their employees to read it in order to encourage them to be active towards changes.

Cheese is something related to everyone’s livelihood—our jobs, the Industries we work in, relationships and love as well.  

With China’s official entry into the WTO, the whole nation will face more changes and cha??llenges. So what should we do once this “cheese” on which we are so dependent is moved?

whatever challenges and changes we meet, we should face up to them bravely, Jiang Hengwei, a civil servant said after reading the book.

Professor Zhang Yang in Renmin University of China agrees. “We should change our way of thinking. The coming competitive foreign com??panies and products provide us with great chances to learn from them and improve our own products to meet international standards and be more competitive.”

“With hard work and wisdom, we will create a much larger and better piece of cheese.” Zhang smiled confidently.            

The whole passage is about _______.

A. people’s opinions about a bestseller of the US

B. what people think about China’s entry into the WTO

C. the change in people’s attitude towards changes and challenges

D. how a book influences the Chinese

The company in Beijing gave each of the 400 fired workers a copy of “Who Moved My Cheese” in order to _______.

A. be more competitive with foreign firms

B. find an excuse for their job cuts

C. let the workers make a living on their own

D. encourage the fired workers

The word “cheese” in the passage can refer to _______.

A. something we depend on for a living

B. a most important kind of food

C. change or challenge

D. way of life

From what Hengwei and Professor Zhang Yang said, we can know that _______.

A. they have different opinions on changes and challenges

B. people are not afraid of competition from foreign companies

C. the Chinese people are ready to face any changes and challenges

D. they are both greatly encouraged by the book

Without most people realizing it, there has been a revolution in office work over the last ten years. Before that time, large computers were only used by large, rich companies that could afford the investment. With the advancement of technology, small computers have come onto the market, which are capable of doing the work that used to be done by much larger and expensive computers, so now most smaller companies can use them

The main development in small computers has been in the field of word processors（处理器）, or WPS as they are often called. 60% of British offices are now estimated to have a word processor and this percentage is growing fast.

There are many advantages in using a word processor for both secretary and manager. The secretary is freed from a lot of daily work, such as re-typing letters and storing papers. He or she can use this time to do other more interesting work for the boss. From a manager’s point of view, secretarial time is being made better use of and money can be saved by doing daily jobs automatically outside office hours.

But is it all good? If a lot of daily secretarial work can be done automatically, surely this will mean that fewer secretaries will be needed. Another worry is the increasing medical problems related to work with visual display units（显示器）. The case of a slow loss of sight among people using word processors seems to have risen greatly. It is also feared that if a woman works at a VDU for long hours, the unborn child in her body might be killed. Safety screens to put over a VDU have been invented but few companies in England bother to buy them.

Whatever the arguments for and against word processor, they are a key feature of this revolution in office practice.

1.Ten years ago, smaller companies did not use large computers because_________.

A．these companies had not enough money to buy such expensive computers

B．these computers could not do the work that small computers can do today

C．these computers did not come onto the market

D．these companies did not need to use this new technology

2.According to the writer, the main feature of the revolution in office work over the last ten years is __________.

A．the saving of time and money

B．the use of computers in small companies

C．the wide use of word processors

D．the decreasing number of secretaries

3.It is implied in the passage that with the use of word processors _________.

A．some secretaries will lose their jobs

B．daily jobs can be done automatically outside office hours

C．medical problems related to work with a VDU have increased greatly

D．the British companies will make less money

4.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．There are both advantages and disadvantages in using a word processor.

B．The British companies care much for the health of the people using word processors.

C．The technology in the field of computers has been greatly advanced over the last ten years.

D．Using word processors, secretaries can get more time to do more interesting work for their bosses.

5.It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

A．safety screens are of poor quality

B．working at a VDU for a long time is good for one’s health

C．more and more British offices will use word processors

D．British companies will need fewer and fewer managers