C

       Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands, respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.

       Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you ) get others to follow?

    Always give credit. Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes. Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world. It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that’s never forgotten.

    Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评), which often hurts rather than helps.  Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees. “Catch people doing something right!” he says. Then tell everyone about it.

     Take informed risk. (冒险). “The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,” says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz. “Sky divers don’t go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes beforehand.”

    Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge. But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail --- and not die a thousand deaths. Pick yourself up and start all over again.

    Encourage enthusiasm.（热情） “When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths,” says Lee Ducat. But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job. That’s a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself - You will be followed by everyone.

69. The underlined word “cultivated”(paragraph 1）roughly means ______．

  A. encouraged      B. compared      C. examined      D. developed

70. The part “Always give credit” tells us that a leader should ______．

  A. give helpful criticism   

  B. regard others as real heroes

  C. praise people for their good performances

  D. praise everyone

71. To be a good leader, you should ______．

  A. not be afraid of any risks      B. think twice before taking risks

  C. try to avoid any possible failures  D. know what a thoughtless exercise is

72. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

  A. Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques

B. Leadership Is Very Important

  C. Not Many Can Be Leaders   

D. How to Be a Leader

D

It was Sunday morning. All the summer world was bright and fresh, and full of life. There was cheer on every face and a spring in every step.

Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He stopped by the fence in front of the house where he lived with his aunt Polly. He looked at it, and all joy left him. The fence was long and high. He put the brush into the whitewash and moved it along the top of the fence. He repeated the operation. He felt he could not continue and sat down.

He knew that his friends would arrive soon with all kinds of interesting plans for the day. They would walk past him and laugh. They would make jokes about his having to work on a beautiful summer Saturday. The thought burned him like fire.

He put his hand into his pockets and took out all that he owned. Perhaps he could find some way to pay someone to do the whitewashing for him. But there was nothing of value in his pockets—nothing that could buy even half an hour of freedom. So he put the bits of toys back into his pockets and gave up the idea.

At this dark and hopeless moment, a wonderful idea came to him. It filled his mind with a great, bright light. Calmly he picked up the brush and started again to whitewash.

While Tom was working, Ben Rogers appeared. Ben was eating an apple as he walked along the street. As he walked along, he was making noises like the sound of a riverboat. First he shouted loudly, like a boat captain. Then he said “Ding-Dong-Dong”, “Ding-Dong-Dong” again and again, like the bell of a riverboat. And he made other strange noises. When he came close to Tom, he stopped.

Tom went on whitewashing. He did not look at Ben. Ben stared a moment and then said: "Hello! I’m going swimming, but you can’t go, can you?”

No answer. Tom moved his brush carefully along the fence and looked at the result with the eye of an artist. Ben came nearer. Tom's mouth watered for the apple, but he kept on working.

Ben said, "Hello, old fellow, you’ve got to work, hey?"

Tom turned suddenly and said, "Why, it's you, Ben! I wasn't noticing."

"Say — I'm going swimming. Don't you wish you could? But of course you’d rather work — wouldn't you? Of course you would."

Tom looked at the boy a bit, and said "What do you call work?"

"Why, isn't that work?"

Tom went back to his whitewashing, and answered casually,

"Well, maybe it is, and maybe it isn't. All I know is, it suits Tom Sawyer."

"Oh come, now, you don't mean to say that you like it?"

The brush continued to move.

"Like it? Well, I don't see why I shouldn’t like it. Does a boy get a chance to whitewash a fence every day?" Ben stopped eating his apple. Tom moved his brush back and forth, stepped back to look at the result, added a touch here and there, and stepped back again. Ben watched every move and got more and more interested. Soon he said,

"Say, Tom, let me whitewash a little."

Tom thought for a moment, was about to agree; but he changed his mind:

"No — no — it won’t do, Ben. You see, Aunt Polly wants this fence to be perfect. It has got to be done very carefully. I don’t think there is one boy in a thousand, maybe two thousand, that can do it well enough."

"No — is that so? Oh come, now —let me just try. Only just a little."

"Ben, I'd like to, but if it isn’t done right, I’m afraid Aunt Polly— "

"Oh, I'll be careful. Now let me try. Say -- I'll give you the core（核心）of my apple."

"Well, here — No, Ben, now don't. I'm afraid —"

"I'll give you all of it."

Tom gave up the brush with unwillingness on his face, but joy in his heart. And while Ben worked at the fence in the hot sun, Tom sat under a tree, eating the apple, and planning how to get more help. There were enough boys. Each one came to laugh, but remained to whitewash. By the time Ben was tired, Tom sold the next chance to Billy for a kite; and when Billy was tired, Johnny bought in for a dead rat — and so on, hour after hour. And when the middle of the afternoon came, Tom had won many treasures

And he had not worked. He had had a nice idle time all the time, with plenty of company -- and the fence had been whitewashed three times. If he hadn't run out of whitewash, Tom would have owned everything belonging to his friends.

He had discovered a great law of human action, namely, that in order to make a man or a boy want a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to get.

68．Tom was about to agree to let Ben whitewash when he changed his mind because ______ .

A. Tom wanted to do the whitewashing by himself

B. Tom was unwilling to let Ben do the whitewashing

C. Tom was afraid Ben would do the whitewashing better

D. Tom didn’t want to let Ben do the whitewashing before he made him give up his apple first

69．The underlined word “casually” is most similar to “______” in meaning.

A. carelessly                 B. delightedly               C. seriously                  D. angrily

70．We can learn from the passage that ______ .

A. Tom was interested in whitewashing the fence.

B. Tom had a lot of friends who are ready to help others.

C. Tom was unwilling to whitewash the fence, but he managed to let other boys do it for him

D. Tom was good at whitewashing the fence, so he looked at the result of his work with the eye of an artist.

When I was a child I never said, "When I grow up, I want to be a CEO," but here I am. When I look back on my career, I realize the road to becoming a CEO isn't a straight, clearly clarified path. In fact, no two paths are the same．But whether you want to be a boss one day or not, there's a lot to learn from how leaders rise to the top of successful companies.

       As this series of stories shows, the paths to becoming a CEO may vary, but the people in that position share the qualities of commitment, work ethic（守则）and a strong desire for building something new. And every CEO takes risks along the way — putting your life savings on the line to start a software company or leaving a big business to be one of the first employees at a startup.

       I grew up in Minnesota, and learned how to be an entrepreneur（企业家）from my father, who has run a small business for almost 30 years. I went to Georgetown University and tried a lot of business activities in college with varying degrees of success. And I always had a dream job pattern: to walk to work, work for myself and build something for consumers.

       I'm only 29, so it's been a quick ride to CEO．Out of college, I worked for AOL as a product manager, then moved to Revolution Health and ran the consumer product team．In mid-2007 I left Revolution Health and started LivingSocial with several other colleagues, where I became a CEO.

       Career advice: Don't figure out where you want to work, or even what industry you'd like to work at．Figure out what makes you do so. What gives you a really big rush? Answer why you like things, not what you like doing...and then apply it to your work life. Also, just because you're graduating, don't stop learning. Read more books than you did in college. If you do, and they're not, you're really well-positioned to succeed in whatever you do.

60. What can we know from the first paragraph?

     A. The author hasn't achieved his childhood ambition.

     B. The author thinks there is some easy way to become a CEO.

     C. The author had an ambition of becoming a CEO in his childhood.

     D. The author believes success stories of CEOs can be beneficial to everybody.

61. According to the author, successful CEOs should ________.

     A. try not to take risks                                      B. stay in the same business

     C. have a strong sense of creativity                D. save every possible penny

62. What can we know about the author from the passage?

     A. He started LivingSocial when he was still a student of Georgetown University.

     B. His father had far-reaching influence on him.

     C. His business activities at college ended up in more failure than success.

     D. He used to run the consumer product team for AOL.

“If you talk to the plants, they will grow faster and the effect is even better if you’re a woman.” Researchers at Royal Horticultural Society carried out an experiment to find that the voice of a woman gardener makes plants grow faster.

   The experiment lasted a month and by the end of the study scientists managed to discover that tomato plants grew up two inches taller when women gardeners talked to them instead of male.

   Sarah Darwin was the one making the plants registered the best growth. Her voice was the most “inspiring” for plants than those of nine other gardeners when reading a passage from The Origin of Species. The great-great-granddaughter of the famous botanist(植物学家) Charles Darwin found that her plant grew about two inches taller than the plant of the best male gardener.

   Colin Crosbie, Garden Superintendent at RHS, said that the finding cannot yet be explained. He assumes that women have a greater range of pitch（音高） and tone（音调） which might have a certain effect on the sound waves that reach the plant. “Sound waves are an environmental effect just like rain or light ,”said Mr Grosbie.

The study began in April at RHS Garden Wisley in Survey. Scientists started with open auditions(听力) for the people who were asked to record passages from John Wyndham's The Day of the Triffids, Shakespeare’s A Midsummer's Night Dream and Darwin's The Origin of Species.

Afterwards researchers selected a number of different voices and played them to 10 tomato plants during a period of a month. Each plant had headphones（耳机） connected to it. Through the headphones the sound waves could hit the plants. It was discovered that plants that “listened” to female voices on average grew taller by an inch in comparison to plants that heard male voices.

Miss Darwin said, “I think it is an honor to have a voice that can make tomatoes grow, and especially fitting because for a number of years I have been studying wild tomatoes from the Galapagos Island at the Natural History Museum in London.”

55．What does the passage talk about?

     A. Plants enjoy men’s voices than women’s.

     B. A botanical experiment in a museum.

     C. Voice’s influence on plant growing.

     D. Strange phenomenon（现象） at Royal Horticultural Society.

56．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 4 mean?

      A. Plants need sound as well as rain and light.  B. Sound is basic for the plant to grow.

      C. Sound has a good effect as rain or light does. D. Plants can’t live without sound, rain or light.

57．Sarah Darwin is most likely a (an)_____.

      A. botanist                 B. gardener          C. astronomer      D. environmentalist

58．What can we learn from the passage?

      A. The experiment ended in May.

B. Scientist can explain the findings clearly.

      C. Plants enjoy listening to the passages from masterpieces.

      D. The findings are of great importance to human beings.

     Take a ride on Berlin's clean city trains, and you'll notice one thing: the German capital seems to be disappearing under a tide of graffiti.

     These are almost impossible to read or are fashionable names and fantastic pictures on walls, bridges, subway trains－almost any urban surface. To some people, they're an art form with an edge. They're rebellious (叛逆的), daring and even beautiful. To others, graffiti is nothing but a disease that slowly moves into neighborhoods.

     For most officials, the root of the problem is that German law does not treat graffiti as a crime and low-cost airlines have made Berlin a center for graffiti sprayers from all over Europe.

     In Berlin, annual damage caused by graffiti is estimated at 500 million euros.50 million euros are spent on cleaning up graffiti.

     Neighboring countries have far severer graffiti laws, according to a report in the Berliner Kurier newspaper. In Sweden and Norway, repeat offenders(冒犯者) can be given prison terms of up to four years and in Denmark up to six years. And US states put repeat offenders in serious cases in prison for longer terms.

     Under current German law, graffiti is only punishable if it can be proven that the spraying itself or the removal of the graffiti resulted in damages to the surface under it.

     "We have to clearly show most young people who do this that illegal spraying is punishable," said Karin Schubert, Berlin's social democratic justice minister. If so, it could make life more difficult for Germany's estimated 8,000 active graffiti artists.

     Graffiti used to be admired, especially when it appeared on the western side of the Berlin Wall.

1．Many sprayers come to Berlin to make graffiti because________.

    A. Berlin is a center for graffiti sprayers

    B. the people there like the art of graffiti very much

    C. they will not be punished severely there for their graffiti

D. Berlin is the birthplace of graffiti

2．Graffiti sprayers will get the severest punishment in_____.

    A. Germany          B. US              C. Norway            D. Denmark

3．In the second paragraph the writer mainly wants to tell us _______.

    A. colorful graffiti is everywhere in Berlin

    B. graffiti is always hard to understand

    C. graffiti is a popular street art

    D. people's different opinions about graffiti

4．It's clear that graffiti ________.

    A. attracted many foreign tourists to Berlin

    B. brings great loss to Berlin

    C. is liked by all the young people in Berlin

    D. is ugly and unpleasant to old people

5．The best title for the passage would be_______.

    A. A Pop Art－Graffiti                B. Berlin－the Center of Graffiti                                                                                                                                                 

    C. Graffiti, Art or Disease?             D. Anti-graffiti Movement