—Why aren’t they here yet?

         —They _______the bus.

         A．can have missed                  B．must be late for

         C．may have missed                D．might be late for

Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as much as 3,000 million years. When we think of the first thing on land, we probably think of strange animals coming out of the oceans, but in fact no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessity, since they, the plants, are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy.

　　The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae（海藻）which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Once the move to land had been made, however, evolution（进化）took place quickly. By the end of 100 million years, plants had developed their roots（根）,and some had got tree -like forms since height was very important in gaining sunlight. About 300 million years ago, much of the world was covered with forests of huge trees. In most ways they were like modern trees. They had roots, leaves, wood, but mostly they had not developed seeds.

　The main idea of the first paragraph is ________.

　　A. life on land probably began 430 years ago

　　B. the first animal on land came from oceans

　　C. there wouldn't be animals without plants

　　D. plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store energy

　Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

　　A. Algae has existed for more than 430 million years.

　　B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.

　　C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.

　　D. Evolution began after animals appeared on land.

　Plants with roots appeared about ________ million years ago.

　　A. 430　　　　　B. 300　　　　　 C. 330　　　　　 D. 100

　According to the passage, ________ appeared earlier than ________.

　　A. apples; oranges　　　　　　　　 B. oranges; apples

　　C. oranges; roses　　　　　　　　　D. algae; wheat

If you are human, you can’t help but experience times when everything seems to be going wrong. You must also _ ▲__as if your life is completely out of control at times. It is during those “down times” that words of encouragement from family, friends, co-workers or_ ▲___strangers can boost(增强)your spirits. It is also during those _ ▲__that negative words can be devastating (毁灭性的) and sink you deeper and deeper into depression.

   For example, consider this story about a group of _39__who were traveling through the woods when _ ▲__of them fell into a deep pit(坑). All of the other frogs gathered around the _ ▲__.When they saw how _ ▲__the pit was, they told the two _ ▲__frogs they would never get out.

   The two frogs didn’t obey what other frogs said and tried to _ ▲__ out of the pit. The other frogs kept telling them not to jump, _ ▲__it was in vain. Finally, one of the frogs followed what the other frogs were saying and simply _ ▲__. He fell down and _ ▲__ The other frog continued to jump as _ ▲__as he could. Once again the crowd of frogs shouted at him to _ ▲__the pain. The more they _ ▲__, the harder he jumped and finally he _ ▲__to safety.

   When he _ ▲__, the other frogs asked him why he continued to jump when they were all _ ▲__him to simply quit. The frog _ ▲__to them that he was a little bit deaf. He thought they were _ ▲__him all the time.

1． A. think                 B. experience        C. seem               D. feel

2． A. so                    B. just           C. even          D. ever

3． A. processes          B. times         C. courses           D. practices

4． A. frogs                B. mice                 C. dogs         D. cats

5． A. two                  B. three          c.many                D. few   

6． A. hole              B. pit                    C. water            D. well

7． A. muddy            B. wide                 C. deep               D. long

8． A. uncomfortable B. unpleasant  C. unhappy      D. unfortunate

9． A. run                  B. walk          C. climb         D. jump

10． A. so                  B. as long as   C. because           D. although

11． A. gave out          B. gave up            C. gave away       D. gave off

12． A. died                B. wounded           C. destroyed   D. damaged

13． A. fast                B. hard                  C. easily         D. swiftly

14． A. help                B. ban                   C. forbid     D. stop

15． A. cried                     B. spoke               C. shouted            D. read

16． A. get it               B. forget it     C. use it         D. made it

17． A. turned out     B. kept out     C. got out             D. held out

18． A. taking to        B. shouting at        C. throwing at  D. speaking to    

19． A. explained       B. announced       C. introduced   D. told

20． A. encouraging  B. helping      C. pulling      D dragging

Everybody hates it, but everybody does it. A recent report said that 40％of Americans hate tipping. In America alone, tipping is a $16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting politely ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The common opinion in the past was that tips both rewarded the efforts of good service and reduced uncomfortable feelings of inequality. And also, tipping makes for closer relations. It went without saying that the better the service, the bigger the tip.
But according to a new research from Cornell University, tips no longer serve any useful function. The paper analyzes numbers they got from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The connection between larger tips and better service was very weak. Only a tiny part of the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.
Tipping is better explained, by culture than by the money people spend. In America, the custom came into being a long time ago. It is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In New York restaurants, failing to tip at least l5% could well mean dissatisfaction from the customers. Hairdressers can expect to get l5%-20%, and the man who delivers your fast food $2. In Europe, tipping is less common. In many restaurants the amount of tip is decided by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. Only a few have really taken to tipping.
According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers’ author, countries in which people are more social or outgoing tend to tip more. Tipping may reduce anxiety about being served by strangers. And Mr. Lynn says, “In America, where people are expressive and eager to mix up with others, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.”
【小题1】 This passage is mainly about ________.

A．different kinds of tipping in different countries

B．the relationship between tipping and custom

C．the origin and present meaning of tipping

D．most American people hate tipping

【小题2】Which of the following best explains the underlined phrase “caught on” ?

A．become popular.	B．been hated.
C．been stopped.	D．been permitted

【小题3】 Among the following situations, in your opinion, who is likely to tip most?

A．A Frenchman just quarreled with the barber who did his hair badly in New York.

B．An American just had a wonderful dinner in a well known restaurant in New York.

C．A Japanese businessman asked for a pizza delivery from a Pizza Hut in New York.

D．A Chinese student enjoyed his meal in a famous fast food restaurant in New York.

【小题4】 We can infer from this passage that ________.

A．tipping is no longer a good way to satisfy some customers themselves

B．tipping is especially popular in New York

C．tipping in America can make service better now

D．tipping has something to do with people’s character

It was a very cold evening. The old man’s beard was almost icy. He was waiting for a ____ across the river. The wait seemed ____. The old man sat on the ground waiting for quite a long time.

____, he saw several horsemen coming. He watched them silently and let the first one pass by without even asking. Another passed by，and then another, till the last rider came near the old man. The old man caught the rider’s ____ and said, “Sir, would you ____ giving me a ride to the other side?”

____ his horse, the rider replied, “Of course not.” But it was so cold that the old man’s body was almost ____. He could not get ____ the ground. The horseman helped the old man onto his horse. He took the old man not just across the river, ____ to the old man’s home.

As they ___ the old man’s house, the horseman asked, “Sir, you let several other riders pass by without even asking. Then I ____ and you asked me for a ride at once. Why? ____I had said ‘no’ and left you there?”

The old man looked the rider straight in the eye, and said, “I looked ____ the eyes of the other riders. I quickly saw that they didn’t ____. It would be ____ even asking them for a ride. But in your eye I saw ____. I knew that you would help me.”

The words ____ the rider deeply. “Thank you for what you’ve said,” he told the old man. “I hope I will never leave others ____ simply because I’m busy, and every American citizen does ____ in my heart.”

With that, Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the US, turned his horse around and made his ____ back to the White House。

1.A. help                   B. ride               C. trip                     D. drive

2.A. useful                  B. boring            C. fortunate              D. endless

3.A. Gradually               B. Finally             C. Sadly                    D. Surprisingly

4.A .eyes                   B. hand             C. back                    D. face

5.A. like                    B. think              C. offer                   D. mind

6.A. Speeding               B. Riding             C. Stopping                D. Leaving

7.A. shocked                B. stuck              C. frozen                  D. injured

8.A. down                   B. on                C. in                      D. off

9.A. only                    B. but               C. so                      D. then

10.A. neared              B. visited          C. passed                  D. missed

11.A. came on             B. came in         C. came up                 D. came out

12.A. Even if           B. What if             C. As if                      D. Only if

13.A. out                  B. for               C. into                     D. up

14.A. try              B. wait            C. ask                  D. care

15.A. useless.              B. risky              C. dangerous               D. foolish

16.A. bravery              B. loyalty          C. ambition                  D. kindness

17.A. attracted            B. comforted       C. touched                 D. occupied

18.A. alone                B. out             C. away            D. over

19.A. desire               B. live             C. count           .          D. advance

20.A. choice               B. living             C. mind                     D. way