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    宇宙大爆炸和黑洞 the Big Bang and Black Holes. 【查看更多】

     

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                                                                 Oldest Ever Galaxy Found
         WASHINGTON(AP)-Astronomers believe they've found the oldest thing they've ever seen in the universe:
    It's a galaxy (星系) far, far away from a time long, long ago.
         Hidden in a Hubble Space Telescope photo released earlier this year is a small point of light that European
    astronomers now calculate is a galaxy from 13.1 billion years ago. That's a time when the universe was very
    young, just about 600 million years old. That would make it the earliest and most distant galaxy seen so far.
         By now the galaxy is so ancient it probably doesn't exist in its earlier form and has already changed into
    bigger neighbors, said Matthew Lehnert of the Paris Observatory, lead author of the study published online
    Wednesday in the journal Nature.
         "We are looking at the universe when it was a 20th of its current age," said California Institute of
    Technology astronomy professor Richard Ellis, who wasn't part of the discovery team."In human terms,
    we're looking at a 4-year-old boy in the lifetime of an adult."
         While Ellis finds the basis for the study "pretty good", there have been other claims about the age of distant
    space objects that have not held up to careful examination. And some experts have questions about this one.
    But even the doubters praised the study as important and interesting.
         The European astronomers calculated the age after 16 hours of observations from a telescope in Chile that
    looked at light signatures of cooling hydrogen gas.
         Earlier this year, astronomers had made a general estimate of 600 to 800 million years after the Big Bang
    (宇宙大爆炸) for the most distant unclear points of light in the Hubble photograph, which was presented at
    an astronomy meeting back in January.
         In the new study, researchers focused on a single galaxy in their analysis of hydrogen's light signature,
    further finding out the age. Garth Illingworth of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was the
    scientist behind the Hubble image, said it provided confirmation for the age using a different method,
    something he called amazing "for such faint objects".
    1. We can learn from the passage that ______.
    A. the universe came into being about 14 billion years ago
    B. the galaxy is believed to be the same as it was just born
    C. the newly-discovered galaxy is the oldest one in the universe
    D. the galaxy had traveled about 600 millions before the scientists found it
    2. We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ______.
    A. the universe is actually very young
    B. the life-time of the universe is surprisingly long
    C. the humans have been so able as to see far into the universe
    D. what we can see about the universe now is just the tip of the iceberg
    3. What did some people doubt according to the fifth paragraph?
    A. The importance of the discovery
    B. The truth of the discovery
    C. The actual age of the new galaxy
    D. The size of the new galaxy

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    After the “Big Bang(宇宙大爆炸)”,the earth was just a cloud of energetic dust. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun. Water had already disappeared from planets like Mars or satellites like the moon, but it stayed on the earth. This is how the earth began to show its special qualities. Many people think that this was important for the beginning of life. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere, into the oceans and seas. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.

    What scientists think is that the earth was different because of the arrival of small plants growing in the water on its surface. Nobody understood that these plants were the start of many changes. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen .This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.

    Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land. Scientists believe that taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filling the air with oxygen helped life to develop. Later land animals appeared. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the sea. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. Later, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed, They laid eggs too. They became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years. But when they disappeared, mammals became more important. They were the last group of animals and they were different because they produced their young from within their bodies.

    Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around. As time went by they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not taking care of the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. The earth may become too hot for the lives on it. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.

    1. Why was the earth different from other planets?

    A. It produced a lot of heat. B. The water remained.

    C. Water disappeared.　　　 D. It was the oldest planet.

    2. Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?

    A. The earth had a solid shape.

    B. The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.

    C. The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.

    D. The earth was not too hot and not too cold.

    3. Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?

    A. Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun.

    B. Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.

    C. Animals could hide from hunters in forests.

    D. It was easier for plants to grow.

    4. What problem is caused by human beings?

    A. They exist everywhere on the earth.

    B. They cause global warming.

    C. They find new methods of growing crops.

    D. They enjoy hunting and fishing.

     

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    When two Bangs meet

    SHELDON Cooper is a scientific genius on the popular American TV show, The Big Bang Theory (《生活大爆炸》). He finally met his match last year: Stephen Hawking.

    This is not the first time that the scientist has appeared on TV. He has also been on Star Trek (in 1987) and The Simpsons (in 1989). Each time, he played himself.

    Hawking, 71, is perhaps the world’s most famous scientist after Albert Einstein. He has spent his whole life studying the beginning and the end of the universe, including the Big Bang (宇宙大爆炸) theory.

    The Big Bang theory explains the early development of the universe. According to the theory, about 13.7 billion years ago everything was all squeezed together in a tiny, tight little ball, and then the ball exploded. The results of that explosion are what we call the universe.

    Hawking has always tried to make science more popular with people. His book: A Brief History of Time was published in 1988. In the book he shares his understanding of the universe in simple language. The book tries to explain many subjects about the universe to common readers, including the Big Bang, black holes and light cones (光锥).

    Hawking’s achievements are even greater if you think about his disability. When he was 21, Hawking caught a bad illness that slowly stopped him from moving or talking. Now he sits on a wheelchair with a computer by his side. To communicate, he moves two fingers to control the computer’s mouse. He chooses his words from the screen, which are then spoken by a voice synthesizer (合成器).

    Hawking also believes that there might be aliens in space. However, he believes they are probably very dangerous, so we should not look for them. “I imagine they might exist in very big ships ... having used up all the resources from their home planet,” Hawking said in a British documentary named Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking. 

    40. What does the “two Bangs” in the title refer to?

      A. The director of “The Big Bang Theory” and the founder of it.

      B. The director and the actor of “The Big Bang Theory”.

      C. The founder of the “Big Bang” theory and its spreader.

    D. The scientific genius on TV show and the one alive in real life.

    41. Acting in The Big Bang Theory is Hawking’s _____ time on TV.

    A. first                     B. second                   C. third                       D. fourth

    42. According to Paragraph 5, Hawking wrote the book A Brief History of Time especially for _____.

    A. scientists who study the universe                  B. people who know a lot about the universe

    C. people who know little about the universe    D. people who only know simple language

    43. The Big Bang theory mainly explains _____.

    A. how the universe started                               B. what the universe is like

    C. how old the universe is                                 D. how the universe exploded

    44. According to the passage, which of the following about Hawking is TRUE?

    A. He was born with a disability.                 B. He uses a computer to communicate.

    C. He believes aliens are our friends.               D. He encourages people to look for aliens.

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    阅读理解

    Oldest Ever Galaxy Found

    　　WASHINGTON(AP)－Astronomers believe they’ve found the oldest thing they’ve ever seen in the universe：It’s a galaxy(星系)far, far away from a time long, long ago．

    　　Hidden in a Hubble Space Telescope photo released earlier this year is a small point of light that European astronomers now calculate is a galaxy from 13．1 billion years ago．That’s a time when the universe was very young, just about 600 million years old．That would make it the earliest and most distant galaxy seen so far．

    　　By now the galaxy is so ancient it probably doesn’t exist in its earlier form and has already changed into bigger neighbors, said Matthew Lehnert of the Paris Observatory, lead author of the study published online Wednesday in the journal Nature．

    　　“We are looking at the universe when it was a 20th of its current age,” said California Institute of Technology astronomy professor Richard Ellis, who wasn’t part of the discovery team．“In human terms, we’re looking at a 4-year-old boy in the lifetime of an adult．”

    　　While Ellis finds the basis for the study “pretty good”, there have been other claims about the age of distant space objects that have not held up to careful examination．And some experts have questions about this one．But even the doubters praised the study as important and interesting．

    　　The European astronomers calculated the age after 16 hours of observations from a telescope in Chile that looked at light signatures of cooling hydrogen gas．

    　　Earlier this year, astronomers had made a general estimate of 600 to 800 million years after the Big Bang(宇宙大爆炸)for the most distant unclear points of light in the Hubble photograph, which was presented at an astronomy meeting back in January．

    　　In the new study, researchers focused on a single galaxy in their analysis of hydrogen’s light signature, further finding out the age．Garth Illingworth of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was the scientist behind the Hubble image, said it provided confirmation for the age using a different method, something he called amazing “for such faint objects”．

    (1)

    We can learn from the passage that _________．

    [　　]

    A．

    the universe came into being about 14 billion years ago

    B．

    the galaxy is believed to be the same as it was just born

    C．

    the newly-discovered galaxy is the oldest one in the universe

    D．

    the galaxy had traveled about 600 millions before the scientists found it

    (2)

    We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _________．

    [　　]

    A．

    the universe is actually very young

    B．

    the life-time of the universe is surprisingly long

    C．

    the humans have been so able as to see far into the universe

    D．

    what we can see about the universe now is just the tip of the iceberg

    (3)

    What did some people doubt according to the fifth paragraph?

    [　　]

    A．

    The importance of the discovery

    B．

    The truth of the discovery

    C．

    The actual age of the new galaxy

    D．

    The size of the new galaxy

    查看答案和解析>>

     

    1.多读书对孩子们很有好处。

    Reading more books is __________ __________ __________ __________ children.

    2.他匆忙地赶往学校，就在这时，他看到了以前的老同学。

    He was hurrying to school ____________ he ____________ ___________ __________ his former classmate.

    3.空气中过多的二氧化碳使得地球上的热无法释放到太空中去。(prevent)

    Too much carbon dioxide ___________ ___________ ______________ ______________ from the earth to space.

    4.一种普遍被人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，它将物质投射到四面八方。

        According to _______ _____________ ______________ ____________, the universe began with a “Big Bang” __________ threw matter __________ ____________ _______________.

     

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