Nowadays people are troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of violence as entertainment.

Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”

Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.

The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.

Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?

A. Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.

B. Something has gone wrong with today’s society

C. Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.

D. There is a lot of violence in the real world today.

What is the skeptics’ view of media violence?

A. Violence on television is fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.

B. Most studies exaggerate (夸大) the effect of media violence on the viewers.

C. A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.

D. The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.

The author uses the term “alarmists” to refer to those who _________.

A. use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence

B. initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality

C. insist on a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior

D. use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior

The underlined phrase “weeded out” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________.

   A. got rid of things that are not good     B. removed unwanted parts from something

   C. picked out things that are useful        D. took away unnecessary details of a report

What does the writer think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?

A. He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists. 

B. It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.

C. The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.

D. More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.

Any housewife who went to the new supermarket wished to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for her shopping. This was what the 　21　just inside the entrance 　22　.It said: “Remember,　23　,one of our customers gets 　24　goods. THIS MAY BE YOUR LUCKY DAY!” For quite a long time Mrs. Edwards　25, like many of her  26, to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never　27　hoping. The 　28　in the kitchen was full of things which she did not need. Her husband tried to advise her 　29　buying so many things but failed. She 　30　dreamed of the DAY when the manager of the supermarket would come up to her and say, “Madam, THIS IS YOUR LUCKY DAY. Everything in your 　31　doesn’t need to be paid!” One Friday afternoon Mrs. Edwards shopped  32　.But she was not the lucky customer. No sooner had she just put the things inside her 　33　than she found that she had forgotten to 　34　tea. She dashed back to the 　35　, got some tea and went towards the　36　.As she did so, she saw the 　37　came.　38　his hand he said, “I want to 　39　you. You are our LUCKY CUSTOMER this week! Everything you have in your basket　40　 !”

1.A .notice     B. report           C. board            D. newspaper

2. A. did       B. promised     C. made         D. agreed

3.A. every day  B. every month  C. twice a week D. once a week

4.A. excellent B. free             C. extra            D. unexpected

5. A. waited        B. came             C. hoped        D. went

6.A. friends        B. neighbors        C. relatives        D. customers

7. A. got rid of    B. got along with   C. gave up      D. gave out

8.A. counter    B. cushion      C. food             D . cupboard

9. A. against       B. for          C. with             D. about

10.A. often         B. always       C. usually      D. seldom

11.A. bill      B. hand         C. car          D. basket

12.A. anxiously     B. seriously        C. crazily      D. wonderfully

13.A. pockets   B. car          C. basket       D. house

14. A. buy      B. find             C. take             D. have

15.A. shop      B. counter      C. department   D. supermarket

16.A. door      B. entrance         C. cash-desk        D. shelves

17.A. secretary B. policeman        C. manager     D. salesman

18. A. Putting out B. Holding out C. Shaking      D. Waving

19.A. congratulate B .tell          C. inform          D. thank

20.A. is yours      B. means nothing    C. belongs to you  D. costs nothing

第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36～55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Any housewife who went to the new supermarket wished to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for her shopping. This was what the  36  just inside the entrance  37 . It said: Remember,  38 , one of our customers gets  39  goods. THIS MAY BE YOUR LUCKY DAY!
For quite a long time Mrs. Edwards  40 , like many of her  41 , to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never  42  hoping. The  43  in the kitchen was full of things which she did not need. Her husband tried to advise her  44  buying so many things but failed. She 45  dreamed of the DAY when the manager of the supermarket would come up to her and say, "Madam, THIS IS YOUR LUCKY DAY. Everything in your 46 doesn't need to be paid!" One Friday afternoon Mrs. Edwards shopped 47 . But she was not the lucky customer. No sooner had she just put the things inside her  48  than she found that she had forgotten to  49  tea. She dashed back to the  50 ,got some tea and went towards the  51 . As she did so, she saw the  52  came.  53  his hand he said, "I want to  54  you. You are our LUCKY CUSTOMER this week! Everything you have in your basket  55 !"
36. A. notice   B. report C. board  D. newspaper
37. A. did       B. promised    C. made  D. agreed
38. A. every day     B. every month      C. twice a week      D. once a week
39. A. excellent     B. free    C. extra   D. unexpected
40. A. waited  B. came   C. hoped D. went
41. A. friends  B. neighbors   C. relatives     D. customers
42. A. got rid of     B. got along with   C. gave up      D. gave out
43. A. counter B. cushion      C. food   D. cupboard
44. A. against  B. for      C. with    D. about
45. A. often    B. always       C. usually       D. seldom
46. A. bill       B. hand   C. car      D. basket
47. A. anxiously     B. seriously    C. crazily       D. wonderfully
48. A. pockets B. car      C. basket D. house
49. A. buy      B. find    C. take    D. have
50. A. shop     B. counter      C. department D. supermarket
51. A. door     B. entrance     C. cash-desk   D. shelves
52. A. secretary      B. policeman  C. manager     D. salesman
53. A. Putting out   B. Holding out       C. Shaking     D. Waving
54. A. congratulate B. tell     C. inform       D. thank
55. A. is yours       B. means nothing   C. belongs to you   D. costs nothing

Any housewife who went to the new supermarket wished to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for her shopping. This was what the 　21　just inside the entrance 　22　.It said: “Remember,　23　,one of our customers gets 　24　goods. THIS MAY BE YOUR LUCKY DAY!” For quite a long time Mrs. Edwards　25, like many of her  26, to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never　27　hoping. The 　28　in the kitchen was full of things which she did not need. Her husband tried to advise her 　29　buying so many things but failed. She 　30　dreamed of the DAY when the manager of the supermarket would come up to her and say, “Madam, THIS IS YOUR LUCKY DAY. Everything in your 　31　doesn’t need to be paid!” One Friday afternoon Mrs. Edwards shopped  32　.But she was not the lucky customer. No sooner had she just put the things inside her 　33　than she found that she had forgotten to 　34　tea. She dashed back to the 　35　, got some tea and went towards the　36　.As she did so, she saw the 　37　came.　38　his hand he said, “I want to 　39　you. You are our LUCKY CUSTOMER this week! Everything you have in your basket　40　 !”

A .notice          B. report         C. board          D. newspaper

A. did           B. promised        C. made          D. agreed

A. every day       B. every month      C. twice a week      D. once a week

A. excellent        B. free                  C. extra                 D. unexpected

A. waited           B. came             C. hoped               D. went

A. friends           B. neighbors         C. relatives           D. customers

A. got rid of       B. got along with   C. gave up            D. gave out

A. counter        B. cushion            C. food              D . cupboard

A. against           B. for                   C. with                 D. about

A. often             B. always              C. usually             D. seldom

A. bill             B. hand                 C. car                   D. basket

A. anxiously       B. seriously           C. crazily              D. wonderfully

A. pockets         B. car                   C. basket              D. house

A. buy                   B. find                 C. take                 D. have

A. shop              B. counter             C. department       D. supermarket

A. door              B. entrance           C. cash-desk          D. shelves

A. secretary        B. policeman     C. manager        D. salesman

A. Putting out     B. Holding out      C. Shaking         D. Waving

A. congratulate  B .tell                   C. inform                D. thank

A. is yours          B. means nothing   C. belongs to you  D. costs nothing 

Nowadays people are troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of violence as entertainment.

Viewing large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality（因果关系）. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies… point to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.”

Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.

The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intention of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.

Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.

Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?

A. Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.

B. Something has gone wrong with today’s society

C. Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.

D. There is a lot of violence in the real world today.

What is the skeptics’ view of media violence?

A. Violence on television is fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.

B. Most studies exaggerate (夸大) the effect of media violence on the viewers.

C. A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.

D. The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.

The author uses the term “alarmists” to refer to those who _________.

A. use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence

B. initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality

C. insist on a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior

D. use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior

The underlined phrase “weeded out” in Paragraph 3 most probably means _________.

   A. got rid of things that are not good     B. removed unwanted parts from something

   C. picked out things that are useful        D. took away unnecessary details of a report

What does the writer think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?

A. He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists. 

B. It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled.

C. The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading.

D. More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.