When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are but some of the factors that lead to these varying perceptions (感知，认知)：

　　(1)Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education, and personal experiences.

　　(2) Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we’ve observed. It is not necessarily true that person perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person; or you may focus (聚焦) primarily on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same yardstick (标准) to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.

　　(3) Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of out own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective perception. Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽视) the stimulus- “He’s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting. ”

　　We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information- “All kids (孩子) get into mischief (顽皮) . Taking a book from the bookstore isn’t such a big deal. ” We can change the meaning of the contradictory information-”It wasn’t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.”…

1.The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is _____.

2.While observing a particular person, ______.

3.Observation of the same person by two people at the same time may differ because ______.

4.The word “stimulus ” in paragraph 4 refers to ______.

Doreen Sykora is now a junior at McGill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But when I go into class to take the exam, I would fall apart. I could just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology(人类学) student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.

These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed(加压力于) about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.

Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.

Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”

For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.

1. What is the similarity between Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto?

A. They are students from the same university.

B. They failed in all the examinations.

C. They both had experiences of test anxiety.

D. They both had the same poor studying habits.

2. The phrase “blank out” in Paragraph 1 refers to “_______.”

A. lose interest in the exam           B. refuse to take the exam

C. get an extra paper                  D. be unable to think clearly

3. What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?

　　A. To help students to reduce test anxiety.   

　　B. To show a stress level experienced by students.

　　C. To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.

　　D. To have a better understanding of test anxiety.

　When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are but some of the factors that lead to these varying perceptions (感知，认知)：
　　(1)Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education, and personal experiences.
　　(2) Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we’ve observed. It is not necessarily true that person perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person; or you may focus (聚焦) primarily on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same yardstick (标准) to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.
　　(3) Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of out own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective perception. Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽视) the stimulus- “He’s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting. ”
　　We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information- “All kids (孩子) get into mischief (顽皮) . Taking a book from the bookstore isn’t such a big deal. ” We can change the meaning of the contradictory information-”It wasn’t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.”…
【小题1】The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is _____.

五、Cloze test(完形填空)20分

In the last century there were not 　1　 big towns in the U.S.　2　 there are today.Most towns in the country were small.And in these small towns,the general store was 　3　 people 　4   the things they couldn't made or grow at home.

  5   the store sold   6   a good deal about life in the United States at that time.People bought tools that they needed on their farms.They bought salt,sugar,coffee and   7   that their farms didn't produce.They bought articles of   8   that they could not make themselves,and cloth or other materials that the  9   would make into dresses for themselves,shirts for the men and clothes for their children.

Life in the   10   century America was   11  .One proves that most people were satisfied with what they had   12   still they looked forward   13   courage to whatever the future would   14   them.It would be interesting to know   15   they would feel about life in the world today.  16   to them that life is too complex,or would they be glad to see that life is   17   in the past?

Nobody will   18   know the   19   people at that time would enjoy life today or not.Perhaps man is always the same of his kind.They did take things for granted,and also they did try to make life more comfortable.We have to admit that it is the same   20   people at present.

1.A.many            B.so many           C.so much           D.a lot of

2.A.where           B.like              C.what              D.as

3.A.where           B.for               C.in which          D.that

4.A.made                B.bought            C.sold          D.paid for

5.A.That                B.No matter         C.Which         D.What

6.A.says                B.talks             C.refers        D.tells

7.A.other things        B.another food C.other foods        D.foods and drinks

8.A.clothes         B.clothing          C.dresses               D.suits

9.A.farmers         B.men               C.women             D.children

10.A.eighteenth     B.nineteenth            C.twentieth         D.next

11.A.easy           B.simple                C.interesting       D.tiresome

12.A.and which      B.and yet               C.and that          D.but what

13.A.in             B.to                    C.of                D.with

14.A.bring          B.take              C.happen to         D.serve

15.A.what           B.whether           C.that              D.how

16.A.Did it appear  B.Would it seem     C.What did it seem  D.What appeared

17.A.still what it used to be           B.better than what it was

C.much more easier than                 D.no more than it was

18.A.never              B.always        C.once              D.ever

19.A.truth that         B.fact whether C.idea how           D.information of

20.A.as                 B.for               C.with                  D.like

五、Cloze test(完形填空)20分
In the last century there were not 　1　 big towns in the U.S.　2　 there are today.Most towns in the country were small.And in these small towns,the general store was 　3　 people 　4  the things they couldn't made or grow at home.
  5  the store sold   6  a good deal about life in the United States at that time.People bought tools that they needed on their farms.They bought salt,sugar,coffee and   7  that their farms didn't produce.They bought articles of   8  that they could not make themselves,and cloth or other materials that the  9  would make into dresses for themselves,shirts for the men and clothes for their children.
Life in the   10  century America was   11 .One proves that most people were satisfied with what they had   12  still they looked forward   13  courage to whatever the future would   14  them.It would be interesting to know   15  they would feel about life in the world today.  16  to them that life is too complex,or would they be glad to see that life is   17  in the past?
Nobody will   18  know the   19  people at that time would enjoy life today or not.Perhaps man is always the same of his kind.They did take things for granted,and also they did try to make life more comfortable.We have to admit that it is the same   20  people at present.
1.A.many            B.so many         C.so much           D.a lot of
2.A.where           B.like              C.what              D.as
3.A.where           B.for               C.in which          D.that
4.A.made                B.bought            C.sold          D.paid for
5.A.That                B.No matter         C.Which         D.What
6.A.says                B.talks             C.refers        D.tells
7.A.other things        B.another food C.other foods        D.foods and drinks
8.A.clothes         B.clothing          C.dresses               D.suits
9.A.farmers         B.men               C.women             D.children
10.A.eighteenth     B.nineteenth            C.twentieth         D.next
11.A.easy           B.simple                C.interesting       D.tiresome
12.A.and which      B.and yet               C.and that          D.but what
13.A.in             B.to                    C.of                D.with
14.A.bring          B.take              C.happen to         D.serve
15.A.what           B.whether           C.that              D.how
16.A.Did it appear  B.Would it seem     C.What did it seem  D.What appeared
17.A.still what it used to be           B.better than what it was
C.much more easier than                 D.no more than it was
18.A.never              B.always        C.once              D.ever
19.A.truth that         B.fact whether C.idea how           D.information of
20.A.as                 B.for               C.with                  D.like