中国人失掉自信力了吗
鲁迅
　　①从公开的文字上看起来：两年以前，我们总自夸着“地大物博”，是事实；不久就不
再自夸了，只希望着国联，也是事实；现在是既不夸自己，也不信国联，改为一味求神拜佛，
怀古伤今了——却也是事实。
②于是有人慨叹曰：中国人失掉自信力了。
③如果单据这一点现象而论，自信其实是早就失掉了的。先前信“地”，信“物”，后来
信“国联”，都没有相信过“自己”。假使这也算一种“信”，那也只能说中国人曾经有过“他
信力”，自从对国联失望之后，便把这他信力都失掉了。
④失掉了他信力，就会疑，一个转身，也许能够只相信了自己，倒是一条新生路，但不
幸的是逐渐玄虚起来了。信“地”和“物”，还是切实的东西，国联就渺茫，不过这还可以
令人不久就省悟到依赖它的不可靠。一到求神拜佛，可就玄虚之至了，有益或是有害，一时
就找不出分明的结果来，它可以令人更长久的麻醉着自己。
⑤中国人现在是在发展着“自欺力”。
⑥“自欺”也并非现在的新东西，现在只不过日见其明显，笼罩了一切罢了。然而，在
这笼罩之下，我们有并不失掉自信力的中国人在。
⑦我们从古以来，就有埋头苦干的人，有拚命硬干的人，有为民请命的人，有舍身求法
的人，……虽是等于为帝王将相作家谱的所谓“正史”，也往往掩不住他们的光耀，这就是
中国的脊梁。
⑧这一类的人们，就是现在也何尝少呢？他们有确信，不自欺；他们在前仆后继的战斗，
不过一面总在被摧残，被抹杀，消灭于黑暗中，不能为大家所知道罢了。说中国人失掉了自
信力，用以指一部分人则可，倘若加于全体，那简直是诬蔑。
⑨要论中国人，必须不被搽在表面的自欺欺人的脂粉所诓骗，却看看他的筋骨和脊梁。
自信力的有无，状元宰相的文章是不足为据的，要自己去看地底下。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　九月二十五日。
【小题1】．作者批驳的观点是什么？确立的观点又是什么？（４分）
【小题2】．文章由直接反驳转到间接反驳起过渡作用的是第几段？它在内容上是怎样承上启下的？请结合原文作答。（５分）
【小题3】．联系全文，对“埋头苦干的人”、“拼命硬干的人”、“为民请命的人”、“舍身求法的人”的共同特征概括错误的一项是（　　）（２分）

A．他们都是中国的脊梁。

B．他们有确信，不自欺。

C．他们前仆后继的战斗。

D．他们总不为大家所知道。

【小题4】．文章⑦—⑨段反复强调“中国的脊梁”，表达出作者怎样的思想感情？（４分）
【小题5】．今天的中国正在各个领域展现出国民的自信力，请依照例句按要求续写。（5分）例句：杨利伟，用自信的挥手代表了中国航天科技的高度；
续写：　　　　，                                                          ；
　　　　，                                                          。
他们都                                 。

阅读下面的文言文，完成小题。（22分）
　 陶元淳，字子师，江苏常熟人。康熙中举博学鸿词，以疾不与试。二十七年，成进士，廷对，论西北赋轻而役重，东南役均而赋重，愿减浮额之粮，罢无益之费。阅者以其言戆，置二甲。
　　三十三年，授广东昌化知县，到官，首定赋役，均粮于米，均役于粮。裁革杂徵，自坊里供帐始，相率以力耕为业。县隶琼州，与黎为界，旧设土舍，制其出入，吏得因缘为奸，元淳立撤去。一权量，定法度，黎人便之。城中居人，旧不满百家，至此户口渐蕃。元淳时步行闾里间，周咨疾苦，煦妪如家人。
　　琼郡处海外，军将多骄横，崖州尤甚。元淳尝署州事，守备黄镇中以非刑杀人，游击余虎纵不问；且贪，索黎人献纳。元淳廉得其状，列款以上，虎私以金贿之不得，造蜚语揭之。总督石琳下琼州总兵会讯，元淳申牍曰：“私揭不应发审，镇臣不应侵官，必挫执法之气，灰任事之心。元淳当弃官以全政体，不能蒲伏武臣，贻州县羞也。”初鞫是狱，镇中令甲士百人佩刀入署，元淳据案怒叱曰：“吾奉命治事，守备敢令甲士劫持，是藐国法也。”镇中气慑，疾挥去，卒定谳，论罪如律。崖人为语曰：“虽有余虎，不敌陶公一怒。”而总督卒因元淳倔彊，坐不检验失实，会赦免。复欲于计典黜之，巡抚萧永藻初授事，曰：“吾初下车，便劾廉吏，何以率属？”为之言于总督，乃已。
元淳自奉俭约，在官惟日供韭一束。喜接诸生，讲论至夜分不倦。屡乞病未果，竟以劳卒于官。昌化额田四百馀顷，半沦于海，赋不及二千，浮粮居三之一，民重困。元淳为浮粮考，屡请于上官，乞豁除，无应者。乾隆三年，元淳子正靖官御史，疏以入告，竟获俞旨免焉。
（节选自《清史稿·列传第二百六十三》）
【小题1】对下列句子中加线的词的解释，不正确的一项是（   ）（3分）

A．阅者以其言戆戆：愚直

B．至此户口渐蕃蕃：多

C．卒定谳，论罪如律论：议论

D．复欲于计典黜之黜：罢免。

【小题2】下列各项中加线词意义用法不同的一项是（  ）（3分）

A．罢无益之费架梁之椽，多于机上之工女

B．守备黄镇中以非刑杀人臣以神遇而不以目视

C．为之言于总督，乃已吾为公取彼一将

D．屡请于上官，乞豁除而刀刃若新发于硎

【小题3】以下句子中，全都表明陶元淳关心民生疾苦的一组是（   ）（3分）
①愿减浮额之粮，罢无益之费            ②时步行间里问，周咨疾苦
③当弃官以全政体，不能蒲伏武臣        ④虽有余虎，不敌陶公一怒
⑤为浮粮考，屡请于上官，乞豁除        ⑥疏以入告，竟获俞旨免焉

A．③④⑥

B．①②⑤

C．①②⑥

D．③④⑤

【小题4】下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括，不正确的一项是（   ）（3分）

A．初任昌化县知县时，陶元淳厘定赋役，裁减额外的赋税，减轻了百姓负担，使百姓“相率以力耕为业”，发展了当地农业生产，城中人口得以增多。

B．在任崖州知州时，守备黄镇中违法杀人，陶元淳依法审案被诬陷，总督下令琼州总兵“会讯”。陶元淳得知后上书申辩，总督终因陶元淳的倔强而赦免了他。

C．在陶元淳初审黄镇中违法杀人的案子时，黄镇中命令披甲操刀的士兵冲人衙¨以武力相威逼，陶元淳全无惧色，拍案怒斥，黄镇中“气慑”而退。

D．陶元淳力行节约，生活俭朴，为官时平日所吃，只是“韭一束”；他喜欢与读书人交往，常常与他们讨论问题到三更半夜也不知疲倦。

【小题5】把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。（10分）
（1）元淳廉得其状，列款以上，虎私以金贿之不得，造蜚语揭之。（5分）
（2）吾初下车，便劾廉吏，何以率属?（5分）

A young father was visiting an old neighbor. They were standing in the old man’s garden, and talking about children. The young man said,“How strict should parents be with their children?”
　  The old man pointed to（指着）a string (细绳) between a big strong tree and a thin young one.
　 “Please untie (解开) that string.” said the old man. “But first pull the string tight so that（以便于）the young tree is straight again.” The young man did so. He untied the string and only found that the young tree bent（弯）over to one side.
　 Then the old man said,“There, it is the same with children. You must be strict with them. But sometimes you must untie the string to see how they are getting on. If they are not yet able to stand alone，you must tie the string tight again. But when you find that they are ready to stand alone，you can take the string away.”
【小题1】The story is about ____________.
　　    A. how to take care of young trees　   
B. how strict parents should be with their children
C. how the young father should get on with his old neighbor
【小题2】 The young man untied the string ________________.
　　    A. in order to throw it away  　　
B. so that both of the trees wouldn’t grow straight
　　    C. and found that the young tree bent over to one side
【小题3】When could the string be taken away?
　　    A. When the old man left.　  　　
B. When the young man untied it next time.
　   　C. When the young tree grew strong enough.
【小题4】 At last the old man told the young man ________________.
　　    A. that he should be strict with his children if they could not 
stand alone
　　    B. that he should always be strict with his children
　　   C. that he should be hard on his children
【小题5】We learn that the big strong tree and the thin young one are like _________.
A. the young father and the old neighbor   　　
B. parents and their children
　　     C. the old neighbor and the children of young father

Several years ago, a television reporter was interviewing three of the most important people from local businesses. One was a very rich banker, another owned one of the largest companies in the world, and the third owned many buildings in the center of New York.

　　The reporter was talking to them about being important.

　　“How do we know if someone is really important?” the reporter asked the banker.

　　The banker thought for a few moments and then said, “I think anybody who is invited to the White House to meet the President is really important.”

　　The reporter then turned to the owner of the very large company. “Do you agree with that?” she asked.

　　The man shook his head, “No. I think the President invites a lot of people to the White House. You’d only be important if while you were visiting the President, there was a telephone call from the president of another country, and the President said he was too busy to answer it.”

　　The reporter turned to the third man. “Do you think so?”

　　“No, I don’t.” he said. “I don’t think that makes the visitor important. That makes the President important.”

　　“Then what would make the visitor important?” the reporter and the other two men asked.

　　“Oh, I think if the visitor to the White House was talking to the President and the phone rang, and the President picked up the receiver, listened and then said, ‘it’s for you.’”

1.This story happened in ________.

A. U.N.                         B. U.S.A.                              C. U.K.         D. P.R.C.

2.There are________in this passage.

A. three men        B. three women and one man　

C. four men       D. three men and one woman

3.The banker and the owner of one of the largest companies in the world ________.

A. had similar opinions about the reporter’s question　　        

B. disagreed with each other  

C. had been invited to the White House many times      

D. didn’t reply to the reporter

4.The owner of one of the largest companies thought ________.

A. he himself was really important because he owned one of the largest companies in the world

B. the President was really important because the president of another country called him

C. the visitor was really important if the President would rather treat him than answer an important phone call from another country

D. none of them was really important

5.The underlined word you in the last paragraph refers to (指的是) ________.

A. the television reporter　　                    B. the owner of many buildings

C. the President                   D. the visitor to the White House