任务型阅读  （本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）

 

Some birthday customs are quite similar in many parts of the world---- birthday candles(蜡烛), birthday games，and birthday cakes. But some customs are more specific to certain countries. Here are some children talking about their customs.

    Linda---I am fourteen. I come from Aruba. In our country, Children take something special to school for their classmates and all teachers. Each teacher gives the birthday child a small gift like a pencil, an eraser or a postcard. The birthday child is also allowed to wear special clothes instead of the school uniform.

    Lucy---I am one year older than Linda. Denmark is my country. A flag is flown outside a window to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the child's bed while they are sleeping so they will see them at once when they wake up.

Tom---I am as old as Linda. I am from Brazil. The birthday child receives a pull on the earlobe(耳垂) for each year in my country. The birthday person also gives the first slice of cake to his/her most special friend or relative, usually mom or dad.

根据短文，完成下面表格，每空不超过4个单词，并将其答案写在答题卡中相应题号的横线上。

 

Names	Countries	Ages	Special customs
Linda	Aruba	Fourteen	Each teacher receives something special from 1._________ and gives him or her a small gift.
Lucy	Denmark	2.________	If you see 3.________ flying outside a window, you may know someone in that house is having a birthday
Tom	4.______	Fourteen	5._________ of the birthday cake is usually given to Mom or Dad.

 

任务型阅读 （本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）
Some birthday customs are quite similar in many parts of the world---- birthday candles(蜡烛), birthday games，and birthday cakes. But some customs are more specific to certain countries. Here are some children talking about their customs.
Linda---I am fourteen. I come from Aruba. In our country, Children take something special to school for their classmates and all teachers. Each teacher gives the birthday child a small gift like a pencil, an eraser or a postcard. The birthday child is also allowed to wear special clothes instead of the school uniform.
Lucy---I am one year older than Linda. Denmark is my country. A flag is flown outside a window to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the child's bed while they are sleeping so they will see them at once when they wake up.
Tom---I am as old as Linda. I am from Brazil. The birthday child receives a pull on the earlobe(耳垂) for each year in my country. The birthday person also gives the first slice of cake to his/her most special friend or relative, usually mom or dad.
根据短文，完成下面表格，每空不超过4个单词，并将其答案写在答题卡中相应题号的横线上。

Names	Countries	Ages	Special customs
Linda	Aruba	Fourteen	Each teacher receives something special from 【小题1】_________ and gives him or her a small gift.
Lucy	Denmark	【小题2】________	If you see 【小题3】________ flying outside a window, you may know someone in that house is having a birthday
Tom	【小题4】______	Fourteen	【小题5】_________ of the birthday cake is usually given to Mom or Dad.

阅读下面两个材料并回答问题：
【材料一】2011年10月3日，诺贝尔奖委员会宣布，美国科学家布鲁斯·巴特勒、卢森堡科学家朱尔斯·霍夫曼和加拿大科学家拉尔夫·斯坦曼获得2011年诺贝尔医学生理学奖。在长期进化过程中人体具备两种免疫机能：一是“固有免疫”，二是“获得性免疫”。布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼的获奖领域在前者；而拉尔夫·斯坦曼的工作主要在后者。
布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼发现了由“Toll”基因编码的关键受体蛋白，该受体蛋白能识别病原微生物，并激活“固有免疫”，打开免疫反应的第一步；拉尔夫·斯坦曼发现的树突状细胞在免疫应答中作用，树突状细胞在体内游弋，发现并摄取病原体的特异性抗原，并报告给T淋巴细胞，T细胞将调动其他免疫细胞发生级联反应，最终消灭病原体。
（1）材料中所描述的“固有免疫”就是_____________________免疫，这种免疫对所有的病原体都有防御作用。（1分）
（2）下列有关“Toll”基因的叙述正确的是：_____________（单选）（1分）
A．Toll基因只存在于免疫细胞中
B．Toll基因编码受体蛋白，体现基因对性状的直接控制
C．Toll基因编码的受体蛋白能识别病原微生物，体现了免疫细胞的特异性识别
D．效应T细胞能与靶细胞密切接触就是该受体功能体现
（3）下列有关树突状细胞的叙述正确的是：_____________________（不定项）
A．树突状细胞在免疫中发挥作用，说明神经系统与免疫系统功能密切相关
B．在细胞免疫和体液免疫中树突状细胞所起的作用没有明显差别
C．树突状细胞能够处理和呈递病原体的抗原特异性
D．树突状细胞可触发T细胞发生免疫反应
E．树突状细胞可能是一种吞噬细胞
【材料二】（根据南方周末《乔布斯的错误与诺奖得主的试验》整理）就在瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布本年度诺贝尔医学奖的前3天，斯坦曼因胰腺癌不幸离世，他没能亲耳听到自己获奖的喜讯，令人惋惜。就在他离世死后的第6天“改变世界”的IT精英乔布斯也因胰腺癌英年早逝。
两人所患的胰腺癌都是死亡率极高的恶性肿瘤。乔布斯患的是“胰腺内分泌型肿瘤”，该病症病情发展缓慢，能存活数年的患者不在少数。但这位著名的素食主义者曾一度拒绝手术治疗，导致肿瘤细胞转移，病情迅速恶化。
而斯坦曼所患的病症为“胰腺外分泌型肿瘤”，该病患者的存活期往往只有数月。斯坦曼在2007年确诊胰腺癌后，就积极尝试基于树突状细胞的治疗性疫苗(DC疫苗)。借助这种“细胞免疫疗法”，他的生命从预期的数月延长至4年。
（4）乔布斯癌变的细胞可能是_____________细胞，该细胞的分泌物与_________________。系统消灭癌细胞的过程是_____________（填一种特异性免疫）发挥作用。
（5）斯坦曼所注射的DC疫苗是由其体内的树突状细胞和肿瘤细胞中提取的一种短肽（即治疗性疫苗），该短肽在免疫中作为_____________引起人体发生免疫反应。除树突状细胞外，斯坦曼体能够特异性识别这种短肽的细胞还有（至少写出3种）______________________________________。
（6）有人认为DC疫苗对防治癌症有一定的疗效，原因是：通过免疫反应斯坦曼体内的免疫系统产生抗体，抗体与该短肽特异性结合，使短肽失效。你认为这个解释对吗，____________，请说出你的理由：_________________________。（共2分）
（7）斯坦曼生前尝试注射过三种DC疫苗，却还是未能逃出死神的魔掌，请从免疫学的角度分析导致他死亡的可能原因是：________________________________________。