（12分）阅读材料，回答下列问题。
材料一 古者以天下为主，君为客，凡君之所毕世而经营者，为天下也。今也以君为主，天下为客，凡天下之无地而得安宁者，为君也。……然则为天下之大害者，君而已矣。……世儒不察，以工商为末，妄议抑之；夫工固圣王之所欲来，商又使其愿出于途者，盖皆本也。
——黄宗羲《明夷待访录》
材料二 孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》中明确提出“三权分立”理论：在一个自由的国家里，立法权应该由人民集体享有，人民必须通过自己选出的代表组成立法机关制定法律或监督它所制定的法律的执行。贵族应组成团体和平民团体同时享有立法权，二者有各自的议会。但是贵族的团体是世袭的，在立法上只有反对权，不应有创制权。立法、司法和行政这三种权力既要分立，又要互相制约。行政权应掌握在国王手中，因为政府各部门时时需要采取急速的行动，一个人管理比由几个人管理要好。行政机关有权制止立法机关的越权行为，否则立法机关就要变成专制。行政也应通过它的“反对权”来参与立法。司法权应由选自人民阶层中的人员组成法院，依照法律规定的方式来行使，它不为某一特定阶级或某一特定职业所专有。
（1）根据材料一并结合知识，概括出明清之际进步思想的历史地位和依据。（4分）
（2）根据材料并结合所学知识，慨括指出两位思想家的共同思想主张及法国启蒙思想的侧重点。（4分）
（3）指出以盂德斯鸠为代表的法国启蒙思想在促进社会变革方面的作用。（4分）

完形填空

　　Grown-ups（成人）are always telling children ___1___ to do. Do you listen to them? Usually they know what is best for you, but ___2___ they can go wrong. So, China has a special law（法律）to keep people under 18 safe. It is ___3___ the Underage Protection Law（《未成年人保护法》）.

　　Teachers can punish（处罚）___4___ students, but they cannot just do everything they like. If a teacher tries to kick（踢）you out of class, you can go to the headmaster（校长）and tell him you have the right（权利）to stay in school. School buildings and playground must also be ___5___ for children. If the things you use in P.E. class are not safe. The Law says the school must repair（修理）them or ___6___ new ones. Do you know anyone who can't go to school because their parents aren't willing to pay for it? This is also against（违反）the law, which says parents ___7___ have their kids in school.

　　The law also protects children's health. It says there should be ___8___smoking in schools and other places where many teenagers go. Do you want to know why tickets for parks and museums are ___9___ for students? It's also because of the Underage Protection Law. It says that ___10___ need to have lots of chances（机会）to learn.

(1) A．what	B．how	C．who
(2) A．sometime	B．sometimes	C．some times
(3) A．calling	B．called	C．call
(4) A．good	B．best	C．bad
(5) A．dangerous	B．safe	C．safety
(6) A．get	B．throw away	C．sell
(7) A．may	B．must	C．can't
(8) A．no	B．some	C．a lot of
(9) A．expensive	B．cheaper	C．more expensive
(10) A．parents	B．babies	C．children

　　Children's education is changing very fast today. In the past, teachers made children sit quietly for hours. They made them remember all kinds of things. The children had to go on reading things again and again until they knew them “by heart”. Today, many teachers wonder if it is possible to make children learn at all. They say you can only help them learn. They say you must let children learn and discover things for themselves. But for some of the children, school is a kind of place they cannot escape from. They are there only because their parents make them go. They get out of the classroom as soon as the teachers let them leave. Many of them want to find jobs but the law（法律）will not let them work until they reach a certain（一定的）age. And so, they have to stay in school. Often they do not learn anything at all and hate every moment.

(1）In the past, the students had to ________.

[　　]

A．sit quietly for hours

B．remember all kinds of things

C．read things again and again until they knew them“by heart”

D．do all of the above

(2）Now many teachers think that ________.

[　　]

A．they don't need to give the students lessons

B．they should help the students discover things

C．they shouldn't let the students learn and discover things

D．they can help the students and let them learn and discover things

(3）Some of the students go to school because ________.

[　　]

A．they want to find some jobs

B．they do not learn anything at all

C．their parents make them go

D．they hate school and stay there as a place to escape from

选择填空:

The law（法律）in China is fair ______ everybody.

[　　]

A. for　　B. to　　C. at　　D. with

在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空限填一词，词首字母已给。

　　The panda's face looks like a cat's, but its fat body and short tails look like a bear's. S 1 people call this animal “bearcat”. But scientists call it “cat-bear”. The panda is v 2 lovely（可爱的）.

　　The panda is an unusual animal in China. The southwest of China's Sichuan Province and south of Gansu Province are its h 3 . Pandas like most to climb trees. They live in the thick forest of high mountains there, eating bamboo shoots（竹笋）and drinking spring water. In the past, pandas were killed at will. Some people used panda's fur（毛皮）to sleep on or to make fur coats. So they b 4 fewer and fewer.

　　Today our government made a law（法律）to protect unusual animals. In the places where pandas live, hunting（打猎）is not a 5 . Experts are sent there to do panda protection work and now pandas are not a 6 of seeing people. They often go to farmers' houses to eat their food and then walk slowly to their mountains.

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5．_____

6. _____